Exam 4 Flashcards

ALL arteries carry blood away from the heart. All veins carry blood toward the heart

Accept; because artery=away even if deoxygenated

Blood vessels are the medium for exchange between the 70 trillion cells in the body and it is the heart that makes the cardiovascular system efficient in this purpose.

Reject; blood is medium

Exchange vessels can be capillaries, arterioles, or venules.

Reject; only capillaries

The pulmonary circuit is the vessels that carry blood to and from the lung and the pump for this circuit is the right side of the heart.

Accept; right ventricle = pump to pulmonary circuit

inferior vena cava- large vessel that brings O2 poor blood from the thoracic region of the heart

Reject; from below diaphragm

left ventricle- is the pump for system circulation, which includes coronary circulation

Accept; bc left ventricle = systemic circulation pump (thicker walls)

right and left pulmonary arteries- carry oxygenated blood back to heart

Reject; right and left pulmary veins

aortic semilunar valve- prevent backflow of blood into right ventricle

Reject; tricuspid valve

The fibrous pericardium is non-serous.

Accept;

The visceral layer is also called the epicardium.

Accept; “upon hear” superficial to myocardium

The myocardium is the connective tissue fibers of the heart skeleton.

Reject; myocardium = muscle cells

The pericardial sac is made of tough dense connective tissue and the parietal layer of the pericardium (synthesis)

Accept;

The aorta is the largest conducting artery and carries oxygenated blood back from the heart

Accept

The tricuspid valve is the right atrioventricular valve

Accept

The mitral valve contracts to open and allow blood into left ventricle.

Reject; mitral valve contracts to close and prevent back flow

The pulmonary veins (4-5) come from the lungs

Accept

Both AV valves have papillary muscles. The contraction of these muscles neither opens nor closes the valve.

Accept

The left ventricle has walls that are circular. This increases contraction force of this chamber relative to the right ventricle.

Accept

Distributing vessels have larger amounts of smooth muscle for the purpose of propelling blood onward during contraction.

Reject; conducting arteries propel blood onward

At rest, veins function as blood reservoirs because of their large lumen compared to their thin walls.

Accept; veins have larger lumen than arteries

Aortic stenosis causes the opening through the aortic semilunar valve to be smaller. this can cause ventricular hypertrophy because the heart must work harder to maintain cardiac output. (synthesis)

Accept

Mitral valve prolapse is more prevalent in women, often due to heredity, and results in less oxygenated blood getting to the tissues. Symptoms include fatigue and shortness of breath, especially on exertion.

Accept

The bicuspid and tricuspid valves are often replaced by mechanical valves. They are often replaced together because both are associated with the left ventricle and where out because of the pressure this chamber exerts.

Reject; tricuspid = right ventricle, bicuspid = left ventricle

Older people, in their 80s and above, have valve replacement more frequently than younger people because of damage done to their valves by a strep infection in childhood… at a time before ANY antibiotics were available.

Accept; this was before peniciliin and antibiotics

Atrial fibrillation/flutter, results in less blood getting back to the heart and thus, as a result, less blood to tissues.

Accept

In a second-degree heart block, the SA node functions and produces P waves.

Accept

Arteries that deliver blood to specific organs and arterioles are called “resistance vessels” and are active in vasoconstriction which controls blood flow to specific organs.

Accept

Vein have valves, which force blood toward the heart in the muscular pump.

Reject; valves prevent backflow but can’t force blood up

pulmonary trunk- large artery that carries deoxygenated blood toward both lungs. The same amount of blood flows through it as it does in the aorta, with each heartbeat.

Accept

capacitance vessels- all vessels in the venous part of circulation

Accept

coronary sinus—largest vein in the circulation for the heart (coronary circulation) .  It drains into the rt. atrium as does all the rest of the systemic circulation. 

accept

microcirculation—term that describes all the capillaries in the body.

reject; describes capillary bed to organs

Angina pectoris is most often caused by blood clots.

Reject; thoracic pain from ischemia

A myocardial infarction can be treated with nitroglycerine.

Reject; angina pectoris treated with nitroglycerine

Because of the large amount of heart tissue that receives blood from this vessel, atherosclerosis that blocks the left coronary artery will cause a lot of ischemia and thus a lot of chest pain and the most heart damage. 

Accept

Coronary artery disease causes half the deaths in the western world. Half of people will die within 1 hr. of the onset of an myocardial infarction. Many people live but then must live with a damaged heart because myocardial tissue does no “functionally regenerate.”  (Does little regeneration and mostly fibrosis) (synthesis).

Accept

Venous valves can become “incompetent” (not functional). This can cause “varicose veins.”

Accept

Blockage in the distil part of the left anterior descending artery affects the left ventricle, near the apex

Accept

Autorhythmic cells are 1% of the cardiac cells.

Accept

The bundle branch is made up of autorhythmic cells but too slow for pacing the heart to support life. (evaluation)

Accept; yellow = autorrythmic

The primary factors that begin the process of atherosclerosis are a diet high in fat and a sedentary lifestyle.

Reject; tissue damage to tunica intima

The first sign of atheroma development is macrophages engorged with LDLs, forming a fatty streak.

Accept

Arteriosclerosis involves complicated plaques with calcium salts in the lesions. 

Accept

A significant part of the action of cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins is their anti-inflammatory activity.

Accept

The intrinsic cardiac conduction system is made up of the cardiac cells that do not contract.

Accept; intrinsic cardiac conduction = non-contractile

All cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmic. And can initiate and distribute electrical impulses.

Reject; only 1% are autorrythmic

Autorhythmic cells have unstable resting potentials because of slow Na⁺ movement into the cells.

Accept

The opening of voltage gated Ca⁺⁺ channels cause depolarization at threshold for cardiac cells

Accept

The SA node is called the pacemaker because it sends out pacemaker potentials to effectors.

Reject; SA node doesn’t sent out pacemaker potentials, they have pacemaker potentials

Sinus rhythm under the influence of vagal tone is ~75 beats/min.

Accept; sinus rhythm + vagal tone = 75bpm

The heart exhibits “organ unit contraction” (true statement) because depolarization spreads between cardiac cells through gap junctions.  This contrasts with skeletal muscle which exhibits “motor unit contraction.” evaluation

Accept

The AV bundles passes the electrical signal to the bundle branches of the conduction system.

Accept

Purkinje fibers—conduction cells that begin near the heart apex that carry the electrical impulse to papillary muscle first and before it goes to ventricular contractile cells. 

Accept

positive chronotropic factors—Factors that make the duration of the events of the ECG longer.

Reject; increases HR

heart murmur—a heart defect determined by an abnormal ECG

Reject; detected by stethoscope

cardioaccelatory center—area in the medulla oblongata that sends sympathetic signals through T₁-T₅ spinal nerves to the heart

Accept

The heart continuously receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation, but only sympathetic signals change the strength of heart contraction.

Accept

An increase in body temperature will cause the release of norepinephrine at the SA and AV nodes to increase heart rate.

Accept; medullar oblongata signals for norepinephrine release for sympathetic response

Parasympathetic nerves always release acetylcholine, which decreases heart rate but not the strength of contraction.

Accept

Epinephrine, from the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate.  There are no hormones that are negative chronotropic factors.

Accept; acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter

The P wave is due to atrial depolarization which causes atrial contraction.

Accept

Frequent QRS complexes, which are seen in an ECG of ventricular tachycardia, means the ventricles will be pumping less blood to the body. 

Accept

It is not an arrhythmia if the duration of electrical events on an ECG are altered but the sequence is normal.

Reject; duration of ECG also points to arrhythmia

The T wave is a recording of the relaxation of the conduction system in the ventricular septum and the ventricular walls. 

Reject; T wave is recording of ventricular repolarization

Cardioaccelatory center—area in the cerebrum that gives us an awareness of increasing heart rate.

Reject; not in cerebrum

Positive chronotropic factors—conditions such as emotional trauma and increased body temperature 

Accept; anything at increases HR

Vagal tone—the inherent rate of the SA node pacemaker

reject; vagal tone- parasympathetic dominant influence at rest with vagus nerve (lowering to 75 from 100 with SA node pacemaker)

Sinus rhythm—the ECG from the reference man

reject; inherent rade of SA node pacemaker influence

The cardiac cycle is all events associated with blood flow through the heart  during one heartbeat. 

Accept

The cardiac cycle;s mechanical events always follow the electrical events of the heart. 

Accept; electrical → mechanical

Pressure changes directly determine heart sounds

Reject; indirectly from backflow

In the cardiac cycle, volume changes produce pressure changes, which determine valve action.

Reject; volume changes and valve action determine blood flow

The P wave occurs in the middle of mid to late ventricular diastole.  This electrical event causes the atria to contract and eject about 20% of the blood in the ventricle

Accept

In ventricular systole, semilunar valves are closed in the beginning and then open in the ventricular ejection phase. 

Accept

Early ventricular diastole is the same as isovolumetric relaxation. 

Accept

In isovolumetric contraction, ventricular pressure is rising at the same time that blood pressure is falling.  (evaluation)

Accept; (ventricular pressure is uphill as well as aortic pressure is falling)

The first heart sound occurs simultaneously with the initiation of the QRS complex.  It is the sound of the A-V valves closing.

Reject; first heart sound from backflow of blood against AV valves

Both semilunar and A-V valves are closed for all of isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation.

Accept

The dicrotic notch is a momentary surge in systemic arteriole blood pressure as blood bounces off the closed semilunar valves.  It is concurrent with the second heart sound.

Accept

The cardiac cycle does not include a short pause at the end of ventricular diastole.

Reject; there is a short pause between ventricular diastole and systole

blood pressure—average pressure of all arteries and veins

reject; most often, just aorta and associated arteries

heart murmur—abnormal heart sound usually due to a problem with heart valves.  It is detected with a stethoscope.

Accept

pulse pressure—pressure in aorta when blood is first ejected from the ventricle

Reject; (systolic - diastolic)

systolic pressure—highest mean arteriole pressure (MAP), occurs at the end of ventricular contraction

reject; ventricular relaxatiion

Cardiac output is ~ 40 ml/beat for a male and is calculated by multiplying cardiac output by venous return

reject; cardiac output is mL/min and CO = HRxSV

Diastolic blood pressure occurs during ventricular contraction. 

Accept; at very end of ventricular contraction, we get lowest diastolic pressure

Blood pressure changes little during normal duration of exercise (true statement).  There can be up to 7x increase in cardiac output in a well-trained endurance athlete during exercise.  This means that your arterioles dilate dramatically to compensate (evaluation). 

Accept

The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output is called cardiac reserve.

Accept

The main factor affecting stroke volume is the contractility of the heart muscle.

Reject; preload is main factor

Increasing venous return increases preload → end diastolic volume(EDV) is increased which increases stroke volume.

Accept

ESV is the blood left in both ventricles (the amount should be the same in each) after contraction.

Accept

Afterload is defined as the force of contraction changed by extrinsic factors.

reject; afterload= blood left in ventricles after contraction

Gaining 10 pounds increases your blood pressure because vessel length increases peripheral resistance.

Accept

Excessive sweating leads to a decreased blood pressure because of lower blood volume, lower venous return, lower stroke volume, lower cardiac output. 

Accept

Systemic blood pressure is homeostatically regulated in the body by receptors in the heart and effectors in the carotid sinuses.

reject; “receptors” in carotid sinuses

Blood pressure is calculated as cardiac out x peripheral resistance. When you are nervous (like during this exam) blood pressure increases because increases both heart rate and stroke volume increase (the 2 factors for cardiac output) and norepinephrine produces constriction of smooth muscle in artery walls, the main factor affecting peripheral resistance.  So, both sides of the blood pressure equation increase!  (Just accept this!  It is all true!)

Accept