Caring for the sick

what kind of training did apothecaries start to receive

more structured training through apprenticeships, learning about medicine brought from other parts of the world

How did surgeons experience better training

more knowledge on human anatomy and surgical techniques

What was a guild

associations of practitioners who practiced their craft in a particular area

What were some notable English guilds

Worship company of Barbers and guild of surgeons

what did guilds set standards for

training and practice, they conducted exams and awarded licences

How did access to a wider range of medical texts help physicians

fuelled by humanist movement, led to rediscovery and study of ancient works (eg- Galen), also translated to English making them for accessible

How did the printing press help physicians?

reducing cost of books and encouraging more physicians to stay informed about medical knowledge in Europe

How did dissections help physicians?

now legally allowed (usually of executed criminals) to improve anatomical knowledge, also helped challenge ancient theories

Who was Andreas Versalius

Belgian anatomist and physician who did work on human anatomy

What was Vesalius' approach

performing dissections and basing finding on what he observed

When was Vesalius’ book published

1543

What was Vesalius’ book named

The fabric of the human body

What did “The fabric of the human body“ contain

extraordinary detail and accuracy

What was the error identified by Vesalius (jaw)

Galen said the jaw was made of two bones, Vesalius demonstrated it was only made of one bone

What was the error identified by Vesalius (Heart septum)

Galen wrote about septum containing pores to allowing blood to pass, Vesalius proved the septum was solid and this wasn’t possible

What was the error identified by Vesalius (Liver lobes)

Based on animal anatomy, Galen said we had 5 liver lobes, Vesalius clarified human liver generally has two

How did Vesalius influence education?

his emphasis on observation and anatomical study inspired changes in the curriculum, his methods taught in medical schools and anatomy taught through dissections

How did Vesalius influence status of surgeons?

He helped raise it to a respectful career requiring a lot of knowledge, before him surgeons used outdated and inaccurate knowledge causing ineffective practice, using his work, surgery became safer and precise

How did Vesalius inspire physicians?

he created a generation of anatomists and physicians, they advanced the study of anatomy and furthered dissection, improving medicine

Who was Pare

16th century surgeon

What was Pare famous for

use of ligature during amputations moving from painful approach of using hot oil to cauterize wounds

What did Pare’s approach improve

Mortality rate of surgical patients

Who was Fabricius?

16th century Italian surgeon

How did Fabricius contribute to human anatomy?

discovering valves in veins

Where did Fabricius write about his discovery?

on his work “On the valves of the veins” written 1603

How did Fabricius influence others?

influenced many people, like Harvey who would go on to model the whole circulatory system

What was the role of hospitals now as comparison to the medieval era

went from providing just care to the needy to focus on medical treatment, including presence of trained physicians

Who dissolved Monasteries

Henry the Eight

When were monasteries dissolved

1536-1541

How did dissolvation of monasteries affect medicine

led to decline in hospitals, remaining ones struggled with funding and resource shortage

What was a pest house?

designed to isolate and treat people with contagious diseases

Who was most medical care in a community administered from?

women

What were women responsible for?

nursing the sick and managing home remedies