B.1-B.2 IB Physics

what are characteristics of a solid

particles close together
fixed shape and volume

characteristics of liquids

particles close tg but still flow
no fixed volume or shape

characteristics of gas

particles far apart with free movement

what is verbage for gas to liquid

condensing/ liquifying

what does a change in temperature equate to

change in the average kinetic energy

what is an energy transfer at different temperatures

thermal energy or heat

what is internal energy

total intermolecular potential energy and the total kinetic energy from random motion

what is work

energy transferred because of a force done over a distance/ displacement

what energy changes when objects move against each other

internal energy as particles rub because of friction

what is the specific heat capacity

amt of energy needed to raise 1 kg by 1° Kelvin

what happens to energy in any phase change

the kinetic energy is constant

what is the phase change equation

Q=mL

what is specific latent heat

amt of energy used to change phases

what is latent heat of fusion

solid to liquid

what is latent heat of vaporization

liquid to gas

what makes conduction better

higher density and free-er material

why are metals good conductors

they have more free electrons (material is looser)

what is the molecular theory of conduction

conduction is a kinetic energy transfer

what is form 2 of thermal energy transfer

convection is the thermal energy transfer in a fluid

what is an example of the 2nd form of thermal eneryg transfer

warm water rising and cold water falling

what is the molecular theory of the 2nd form of thermal energy transfer

hotter fluids are less dense so they rise

what is the thrid form of the thermal energy transfer

electromagnetic radiation is energy that can be transfered

what is the molecular theory of the third form of thermal energy transfer

when thermal energy transfers the average kinetic energy increases causing the temp to increase

what causes faster conduction

greater area, greater temp difference, and greater thickness

what is ΔQ/Δt- rate of conduction

rate of thermal energy transfer

what does K and A stand for- rate of conduction

material property- looser means easier to conduct and area

ΔT/Δx- rate of conduction

temperature gradient and distance or thickness

relation of temp and λmax

inversely proportional

what causes electromagnetic radiation

particle vibration

wht does greater temp do for the λmax graph

makes it more intense and the λmax closer to y- axis

what is the distance/ notation on λ

mK - meters per kelvin

what is the measurement of the rate of electromagnetic radiation

luminosity

what causes there to be more radiated energy

larger object and greater tempreture

what is the notation on luminosity

Js^-1

what happens if the temp of lumenosity doubles

the temp increases by (2T)^4

when talking luminosity what do use for area

the surface area of stars- A=4πr^2

another name for luminosity

radiated power- W

apparent brightness changed by-

the intensity at certain distance

what does a shift in λ mean

wiens law- theres a ∆ in temperature

what does wien's law used to find

λmax- the electromagnetic output

what does a shrink mean WITH THE SAME λmax

the emissivity changed

what would a 3x Luminosity cause

set up for L can cancel out on top and make d cancel out so you can sq root 3

what does emissivity relate to

not black body objects

what formula goes to the bottom half of the emissivity formula

luminosity- L = σA(T^4)

alt formula for emissivity

P/A (1/σA(T^4)

what does emissivity equal for a black body

1

emissivity for a fully reflective body

0

what is solar constant

intensity of solar radiation reaching earth's atmosphere

what reaches the earth's surface

S/4

What does albedo mean?

the reflectivity of a surface

what is the top of the albedo formula

scattered/ reflected power

atmosphere absorbs energy because

they are incident/ they collide
they have the same resonance/ frequency
resonence vibration causes energy absorption- temp increase

greenhouse gas formula

# moles n= N atoms / Na- avogadro's constant