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what are characteristics of a solid
particles close together
fixed shape and volume
characteristics of liquids
particles close tg but still flow
no fixed volume or shape
characteristics of gas
particles far apart with free movement
what is verbage for gas to liquid
condensing/ liquifying
what does a change in temperature equate to
change in the average kinetic energy
what is an energy transfer at different temperatures
thermal energy or heat
what is internal energy
total intermolecular potential energy and the total kinetic energy from random motion
what is work
energy transferred because of a force done over a distance/ displacement
what energy changes when objects move against each other
internal energy as particles rub because of friction
what is the specific heat capacity
amt of energy needed to raise 1 kg by 1° Kelvin
what happens to energy in any phase change
the kinetic energy is constant
what is the phase change equation
Q=mL
what is specific latent heat
amt of energy used to change phases
what is latent heat of fusion
solid to liquid
what is latent heat of vaporization
liquid to gas
what makes conduction better
higher density and free-er material
why are metals good conductors
they have more free electrons (material is looser)
what is the molecular theory of conduction
conduction is a kinetic energy transfer
what is form 2 of thermal energy transfer
convection is the thermal energy transfer in a fluid
what is an example of the 2nd form of thermal eneryg transfer
warm water rising and cold water falling
what is the molecular theory of the 2nd form of thermal energy transfer
hotter fluids are less dense so they rise
what is the thrid form of the thermal energy transfer
electromagnetic radiation is energy that can be transfered
what is the molecular theory of the third form of thermal energy transfer
when thermal energy transfers the average kinetic energy increases causing the temp to increase
what causes faster conduction
greater area, greater temp difference, and greater thickness
what is ΔQ/Δt- rate of conduction
rate of thermal energy transfer
what does K and A stand for- rate of conduction
material property- looser means easier to conduct and area
ΔT/Δx- rate of conduction
temperature gradient and distance or thickness
relation of temp and λmax
inversely proportional
what causes electromagnetic radiation
particle vibration
wht does greater temp do for the λmax graph
makes it more intense and the λmax closer to y- axis
what is the distance/ notation on λ
mK - meters per kelvin
what is the measurement of the rate of electromagnetic radiation
luminosity
what causes there to be more radiated energy
larger object and greater tempreture
what is the notation on luminosity
Js^-1
what happens if the temp of lumenosity doubles
the temp increases by (2T)^4
when talking luminosity what do use for area
the surface area of stars- A=4πr^2
another name for luminosity
radiated power- W
apparent brightness changed by-
the intensity at certain distance
what does a shift in λ mean
wiens law- theres a ∆ in temperature
what does wien's law used to find
λmax- the electromagnetic output
what does a shrink mean WITH THE SAME λmax
the emissivity changed
what would a 3x Luminosity cause
set up for L can cancel out on top and make d cancel out so you can sq root 3
what does emissivity relate to
not black body objects
what formula goes to the bottom half of the emissivity formula
luminosity- L = σA(T^4)
alt formula for emissivity
P/A (1/σA(T^4)
what does emissivity equal for a black body
1
emissivity for a fully reflective body
0
what is solar constant
intensity of solar radiation reaching earth's atmosphere
what reaches the earth's surface
S/4
What does albedo mean?
the reflectivity of a surface
what is the top of the albedo formula
scattered/ reflected power
atmosphere absorbs energy because
they are incident/ they collide
they have the same resonance/ frequency
resonence vibration causes energy absorption- temp increase
greenhouse gas formula
# moles n= N atoms / Na- avogadro's constant
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