change and oppression

Empire

group of states under a supreme power : (Emperor, Empress, etc.) roman empire

Imperialism

More about receiving the land, resources and economic/political benefits of conquered territories. European countries -> africa

imperialism & colonialism

Both for power: conquering and expanding territories

colonization

Imperialism + 

• converting (and eradicating) indigenous peoples 

• pushing their culture and ways

• moving in colonisers people

Great Britain -> India

change local politics and culture

Methods such as 

• forced migration to rewire the cultural majority. 

• Renaming places. 

aim to rewire the culture of the state.

(gulf of ‘america’...🤔😡)

Signal one culture has priority

Using language such as 

• ‘Uncivilised’

• ‘Primitive’

• ‘backwards’ 

referring to local cultural traditions.

dependancy theory

Theory abt relationship between colonizer and colony: a cycle

(supplying resources to and economically dependent on colonizers).

Africa is still paying its loans to former colonial powers

world systems theory

core & periphery

neo-colonialism

Theory where a country is by definition independant, but are economically and culturally, closely monitored by another power.

• US interference in Latin america

• France-afric

settler-colonial

People move there to live and in doing so, changing the cultural practices.

Dutch in south africa

economic-colonial

Exploiting land outside of their own territory to improve their economic resources.

British with India’s resources

‘Culinary colonization’

Pressure to change or adjust traits of foods for diplomatic reasons.

thai culinary colonization

• makes fried rice styles specifically for foreigners

• government loanedmoney for citizens to move abroad and set up restaurants increasing cultural reach and goodwill.

thai culinary colonization- why

Thai government realised that if Thai people could control the narrative of their own country; ensuring the world saw them in a favorable light.

Civil disobedience

The active and professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws or government commands.

Gandhi had the idea of organising a nation-wide version of this. All systems were down; the English military had to take over communications so the country wouldn’t be cut off. Very effective.

civil disobedience example

civil disobedience effective?

When used strategically.

+ gets attention

+ historically significant

- if disruptive: public perception ruined

boycotts

Withdraw from commercial or social relations with a (person, company, country) as punishment or protest.

Martin Luther King Jr.’s Montgomery Bus __ lasted 13 months. African Americans refused to ride buses protesting segregated seating. Triggered by Rosa Park’s arrest. Successful.

boycott example

boycott effective?

If sustained + widespread.

+ morally persuasive

+ everyone can join

+ economically impacts target

- long time for results

- momentum hard to keep

Strike

Mass refusal of employees to work for better rights, pay or conditions.

strike effective?

50/50.

+ directly -> target profit

+ shows worker power

- could -> worker fire / - income

- could have public service/economy disruptions

- relies on workers unity; not earning

sit ins

People occupy a place, refusing to leave until demands are met.

Greensboro __ (1960, USA): 4 African American college students sat at a segregated Lunch place; refused to leave after being denied service. This sparked a widespread sit-in movement across South America.

sit in example

sit-ins effective?

Needs more: Not by itself

+ visible

+ Moral dilemma for authorities

+ shows willingness to face consequences

- Risk of legal/violent reactions

- Can be physically demanding

letter

A letter addressing a need for change. (published/campaign to write many)

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "___ from Birmingham Jail" written in 1963. wrote the Letter from jail while he was imprisoned for leading nonviolent civil rights demonstrations in Alabama in 1963. Addresses how civil disobedience is sometimes an appropriate response to injustice.

letter example

letter effective?

Not usually

+ can be really detailed

+ can do from anywhere

+ sheer volume can influence decisions

- individual letters can be ignored

- not much media attention

petition

“formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority with respect to a particular cause.” - Oxford languages

Justice for Trayvon Martin. The 17 year old was killed in february 2012, his parents started a petition calling for the arrest of George Zimmerman, the neighborhood watch leader who shot him.

petition example

petition effective?

Contributes to effectiveness

+ quantifies support: can be officially used as evidence of public opinion

+ easy participation: more widespread if online

- seen as passive

- depends on organiser+signer credibility

Banksy advocated anti-war messages. Effective, large platform.

art effective?

Not on its own

+ Sparks discussion

+ Can be hidden message (not caught)

+ Emotionally engaging, memorable

- Can be subjectively interpreted

- Can be dismissed as ‘expression’

riot

noisy, violent public disorder caused by a group

Stonewall ___

Series of spontaneous confrontations between LGBTQ community and New York City police began on June 28, 1969, after a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village. cruicial pivotal point: effective

riots example

riots effective?

Often reverse-effect

+ powerfully shows desperation and deep anger

- can be used to justify repression

- doesn’t create more support, alienates broader public/potential allies

“____ing against taxes levied by the British salt monopoly. Gandhi and his followers trekked 240 miles over 24 days” - College of letters and science

marching example

marches effective?

Better

+ morally persuasive, gets broad support

+ historically proven

- ‘Participants may face arrest or violence from counter-protesters or authorities.’

- success dependant on media coverage/sustained support

internet campaigns

leverage online platforms to raise awareness, mobilize support for a cause

internet campaigns effective?

+ easy to participate

+ global audience

+ can quickly gain popularity

- could have misinformation/manipulation

- could be too easy- delegitimize

- Not physical effect

MLK known for

non-violently spearheading (was a pivotal leader) in the American Civil Rights movement

MLK why

• Racial injustice, segregation

• African Americans denied of basic rights ‘unconstitutional’

• Religious upbringing: had faith. segregation = violation of gods law

• Inspired by Gandhi

MLK how

famously…

• March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)

  • “I have a dream speech” - speaches inspired millions

• "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963) - defending use of civil dissobedience

MLK what

• desegregation: Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination (employment and public accommodations)

• votes: Voting Rights Act of 1965 allowed african americans (:

• shifted public opinion + raised awareness

• nobel peace prize in 1964

• inspirational, gives hope for causes now