Horticulture Exam 2

_____trees and crepe myrtles are good examples of plants that are commonly thinned.

Fruit

Which type of pruning is usually effective on flowering shrubs.

Renewal

When pruning, it is very important that the cut be made the correct distance from the _______.

Bud

If a plant flowers in the spring, it should be pruned when?

After it flowers

The best time to root prune is how long before the transplant date?

One growing season

What needs to be removed from the plant because it saps the plant’s energy?

Seed pods

Which kind of specialized pruning involves the use of hook and blade pruners, hand-held trimmers and shears?

Topiary

Name the natural, organic, moisture-holding substance that is wrapped around a girdled stem to keep it from drying out.

Sphagnum moss

Which propagation type involves bending a branch from the parent plant to the ground, where it is partially covered with soil (the tip stays out)

Simple layering

What are some examples of plants that root naturally by layering?

Strawberries and Boysenberries

When is simple layering usually accomplished?

Early Spring

What propagation method works well with long-stemmed, vinelike plants such as wisteria, clematis and grapes?

Compound layering

The step of the air-layering method when you cut and completely remove the bark and from around a plant stem is called to ________ the stem

Girdle

Name the type/form of asexual reproduction that eliminates burying part of the parent plant in soil.

Air layering

__________ is the term used to describe when roots are formed on a stem or tuber while it is still attached to the parent plant. Very similar to 11, but occurs naturally.

Layering

For what specific crop has grafting improved resistance to soil-borne pests and created fast-growing, large plants with more leaf area and 30 to 50 percent more fruit?

Tomatoes

The small shoots of which season’s growth are used for budwood or bud sticks?

Current

In whip grafting, what thin tissue found under the bark of the scion, must be made to match up with the growing area at the edge of the root piece on at least one side?

Cambium

Grafting is one type of _____________ propagation.

Asexual

What is one crop that chip budding is used on?

Grapes

What time of the year can chip budding be safely accomplished?

Summer & Fall

In grafting, what term is used to describe the newly-installed shoot or top of the plant?

Scion

What crop is grafting primarily used on?

Trees

What is the term used for the part of the tree in which the T-shaped cut is made in order for the bud on it’s shield to be pushed down into the slit in the bark during T-budding?

Rootstock

What time of the year is best for propagating fruit trees by budding?

Late summer

In cleft grafting, what angle is the scion cut at?

90 degrees

What kind of propagation is commonly used on fruit trees?

Whip grafting

What time of the year is cleft grafting normally accomplished?

January, February, March

What type of bud is necessary for propagation purposes?

Vegetative

When you check a bud that has been grafted, and find that the bud appears plump and of normal color, and the ________ has dropped off, then the bud had probably grown to the rootstock.

Petiole

What is the term used for daffodil bulb offsets when they are first separated from the mother bub?

Splits

What is the term used for the cluster of roots and stems that can be divided for tuberous root crops during the dormant season?

Crown

What flower is a rhizome plant?

Iris

What must form on hardwood cutting during their period of storage before roots can grow?

Callus

What term describes a type of bulb with dry membranous scales?

Tunicate

Bulbs and corn can reproduce by what process?

Separation

In propagation by Division, stem tubers, tuberous roots and ______ can be cut from the plant with pruners or a knife and used to propagate new plants

Rhizomes/clumps of shoots and roots

Plant cuttings should be treated with what percentage of indolebutyric acid to promote root growth?

0.8 to 1.0

What system can be used to benefit narrowleaf evergreen cuttings?

Misting

Which type of propagation is one of the easiest and least expensive processes of all methods of asexual or vegetative reproduction?

Hardwood cuttings

Hardwood cuttings can be made early enough to allow them to be stored for what period of time before planting?

6-8 weeks

What time of year is the most likely time to prepare hardwood cuttings?

Winter

What percentage of the hardwood cuttings are expected to grow into living plants?

60-80%

How many buds must be located above ground when cuttings are lined out in the nursery row?

One

What term is used for perennial plants with stems that die to the ground after the growing season has ended, but re-emerge for the next season?

Herbaceous

When is the best time of the day to take a cutting?

Morning or evening

To identify the top and bottom of a cutting, the top is cut straight across at a 90 degree angle. but the bottom is cut at _____ degrees.

45 

The leaves of cutting lose moisture through what process?

Transpiration 

When handling seedlings, hold them by what part?

True leaves

The ideal humidity level for new cuttings is ______ percent.

100

What is the term for the growth of protective tissue that forms over a wounded plant stem?

Callus formation

What is the term used to describe cuttings taken from the leaf, bud, stem or root when the plant tissue is tender?

Softwood

Cuttings can be taken from the bud, stem, leaf or ______ of a plant.

Root

What term describes the offspring of two different cultivars or species, but within the same family, which usually appear different from either parent?

Hybrid variety

The new plants produced by asexual means are exact genetic duplicates or ____ of the parent plant

Clones

The conditions necessary for a cutting to produce roots and grow include moisture,oxygen, carbon dioxide, warmth and _______.

Light

Softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings are taken while the plants still have _______on them, and may be taken from the tip of the branch or stem or from a ground shoot growing at the base of the plant.

Leaves

What is an example of a plant that can easily be propagated from leaf cuttings?

African Violet

What propagation method has been used for orchids for many years, but is now being used for many kinds of plants? It involves growing cells from a growing shoot tip or bud on sterile conditions on a nutrient medium such as agar. Thousands of new plants identical to the parent plant can be produced.

Micropropagation 

Which of the types of propagation listed is NOT a type of vegetable propagation: budding, division, grafting, layering, leaf and leaf bud cuttings, micropropagation, root cuttings, seeds and stem cuttings?

Seeds

Describe where softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings should be removed from the plant, the proper length of a cutting, the number of buds needed on each cutting, at what angle the bottom cut should be made and why that particular cut is so important.

Cuttings should be taken from current seasons growth. Softwood cuttings are taken earlier in the season while semi hardwood cuttings are taken later. Cuttings are typically 4-6 inches long. Each cutting should have at least 2-3 nodes. The bottom cut should be made at 45 degree angle. The angled cut increases surface area for water absorption

 Briefly describe the 5 steps of the Air-layering procedure. What cut is made, what is put onto and around the cut? What seals the moisture in?

1. Select healthy mature branch and wound it by making a girdling cut removing a ring of bark about 1 to 2 inches wide.

2. Applying hormone to the exposed wounded area to encourage root formation.

3. Wrap the wound with moist sphagnum moss, and entering the masses tightly packed and covers the entire cut area.

4. Cover the holes with clear plastic wrap to retain moisture

5. Monitor the moss for moisture and root development once it has formed cut the root stem below the layer and plant it as a new plant.

When a cutting has a root ball 2 or 3 inches across, and will be transplanted soon,describe the process of ‘hardening off” the new plants which have been accustomed to a very high humidity level during their rooting period.

1. Begin by exposing plants two outdoor conditions for short periods gradually increase the duration each day over two weeks.

2. Increase exposure to sunlight and wind, gradually moving them to brighter more exposed areas.

3. Reduce watering frequently slightly, but don’t let the plant wilt.

4. Avoid fertilizing

5. Leave it outside for 24 hours for a few days before transplanting.

Describe the T-Budding procedure. Name the 3 parts of the bud and explain what will be done to permanently attach the bud and bud shield to the rootstock.

1. A t-shaped cut is made on the roof stock where the bark is slipping.

2. The edges of the t cut bark are gently lifted, creating a pocket

3. The bud shield is carefully inserted into the pocket

4. The budded area is wrapped tightly with budding tape to prevent drying and promote healing for permanent attachment.