logcial fallacies / ppeals

Equivocation

Concealing a step in reasoning by tactitly shiftnig from one meaning of a word or expression to another

Conflation

Concealing a step in reasoning by treating two words or expressions as if they were interchangable even though their meanings are different.

Circular argument

Relying on a claim in oder to prove it

Begging the question

Focusing an argument on an uncontroversal aspect of an issue while stipulating or asuming the keypoint

Invalid Deduction

Affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent

Casual flaw

claiming that just because of event or phenomenon follows another ( post hoc) or is accompanied by another (cum hoc) it must be caused by the other

Rash generalisation

Basing a generalisation on inadequate evidence

Sweeping Generalization

Not allowing for exceptions to a generalization

Restriction of options ( False dichotomy)

Denying the possibility of moderate opinions or actions in orderto claim that anyone who jects one extreme must accept its opposite

confusion of necessary and sufficient conditions

interpreting a necessary condition as if it were dufficient or a sufficient condifition as if it were necessary

Slippery slope Argument

Opposing an apparentl moderate proposal by alleging that it will inevitably lead to disastrous consequences

personal attack ( ad hominem)

criticising opponents personally insread of responding to their arguments

counter attack ( tu quoque)

rejecting criticisms on the grounds that opponents or toher people are guilty of the same or equally objectable conduct

straw man argument

Misrepresenting opponents arguments in order to respond to them more easily.

inapropriate appeal to authority

authority who there is good reason to believbev is unreliable because they lack expertise in the area they are promoting

bandwagon

claim that an idea should be accepted because a largfe number of people favor it or believe it to be true

appeal to tradition

justifies claim/action on the basis that it is traditional or it has always been done this way

appal to novelty

claim somehting is better bc its new/modern is supueriorto tje statis quo, based on newness