Master Harold Test - History Info

dutch colonists arrive

master/servant relationship, made native Africans become slaves, imported slaves from other countries

britain seized control

displaced native africans from their homelands, especially since gold was found, encouraged mass migration of european whites

boer war

british vs. dutch settlers, britain won

britain abolished slavery

britain did this….but the gov made sure white minority would stay superior economically

union of south africa

white controlled country although white minority

natives land act

removed hundreds of thousands of africans from homes in country

native urban area act

segregated urban areas

african national congress

party organized to fight for african majority’s rights and freedoms

afrikaner nationalist alliance

descendants of dutch settlers, these whites were second to english-speaking whites, and they wanted more control politically

apartheid

term referring to four racial groups making up south africa:

• whites (english speaking and afrikaners)

• native africabns

• coloreds (mixed race)

• indians (from asia and india)

this philosophy said white race was only civilized rcae and therefore should control the gov

population restrictions act

each person had to declare ethnicity

group areas act

designated specific segregated zoned in urban areas for living and working; nonwhite urban residents moved to shantytowns where basic needs and services not rendered

pass laws

required african blacks to show pass traveling from homelands to city (for jobs); any black caught in white area without pass could be arrested or expelled

prohibition of mixed marriages act

intermarriage and sexual contact between races illegal; devastated black communities and tore families apart

reservation of separate amenities act

segregation of all public facilities: transportation, parks, elevators, restaurants, cafes, hotels, cinemas, theaters, schools, universities, govt. offices

suppression of communism act

govt. could censor films & public entertainment (esp. intermingling of races); authors who showed negative effects of SA racist tactics faced bannings, imprisonment of revocation of passports

public safety act

authorized govt’s use of brute force to carry out laws

bantu education act

established separate school systems for races, rewrote textbooks and curriculum to reflect white dominance

extension of university education act

gov closed well-established universities; founded separate colleges for races

propaganda campaign

anti-apartheid newspapers banned, foreign radio, foreign publications banned, foreign films banned, only white controlled newspapers and white controlled radio and television allowed

sharpeville massacres

67 africans killed and 200 wounded in demonstration against pass laws

nelson mandella

sentenced to life in prison in 1964

steven biko and “black consciousness”

defined as blacks unifying as a group to rid themselves of oppression

soweto

sight of demonstration by public school students, death of a 13 year old by gov officials, followed by over 500 deaths (134 under age of 18) by hands of gov

steven biko dies

arrested, beaten, and murdered by hands of gov

pieter william botha

violence got so bad in streets he deployed more than 5000 soldiers to aid police in keeping people in check (bannings, arrests, torture, assassinations ensued)

desmond tutu

won nobel prize in 1984 for leadership in anti-apartheid movement

frederik willem de klerk

replaced botha as prime minister and began to repeal apartheid legislation (whites called him a traitor); released nelson mandella and 3000 other political prisoners

between 1991-1993

10,000 south africans killed during violent political struggles; fires, rapes, beatings, stone-ings, explosions

national peace accord

signed, allowed room for negotations

april 26, 28 (1994)

nation’s first multiethnic election; more than 70,000 million citizens voted, new constitution, new flag

nelson mandella president

elected and organized cabinet members

development plan

unified all SA provinces; imposed higher property taxes and utility costs on SA whites (funds used to provide shantytowns with basic utilities and services, medical clinics, fire depts); led to millions of SA blacks displaced from homelands to reclaim ownership

constitution

drafted by mandella’s gov to end racial discrimination and guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and personal freedoms to all south africans