L15 The Hypothalamus and Autonomic Control (Imported from Quizlet)

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47 Terms

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How many major nuclei are in the hypothalamus?

<p>How many major nuclei are in the hypothalamus?</p>
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Homeostasis

What is the hypothalamus the master regulator of?

<p>What is the hypothalamus the master regulator of?</p>
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Lateral, medial, periventricular

Ways to distinguish areas of the hypothalamus is through defining it as __________, _________ or ________________

<p>Ways to distinguish areas of the hypothalamus is through defining it as __________, _________ or ________________</p>
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Close to the outside of the brain

What does lateral mean?

<p>What does lateral mean?</p>
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Closer to the midline

What does medial mean?

<p>What does medial mean?</p>
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Regions that are adjacent/next to the ventricle

What does periventricular mean?

<p>What does periventricular mean?</p>
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Homeostasis

<p>Homeostasis</p>
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Nuclei of the hypothalamus

What does this image show?

<p>What does this image show?</p>
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ANS, neuroendocrine

The paraventricular nucleus can be involved in both _____ and ___________________ responses

<p>The paraventricular nucleus can be involved in both _____ and ___________________ responses</p>
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Down the middle

What is a sagittal section?

<p>What is a sagittal section?</p>
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Important for the hypothalamus in terms of this function in homeostasis

Why is the paraventricular nucleus important?

<p>Why is the paraventricular nucleus important?</p>
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Pituitary stalk

The hypothalamus is linked to the pituitary by a _______________ ______ (infundibular stalk)

<p>The hypothalamus is linked to the pituitary by a _______________ ______ (infundibular stalk)</p>
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Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

The pituitary stalk splits the pituitary into 2 different areas, what are they?

<p>The pituitary stalk splits the pituitary into 2 different areas, what are they?</p>
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Neurohypophysis is down growth from the CNS and is actually part of the nervous system tissue developmentally

Adenohypophysis is grown upwards from a different region so its not neural tissue

Why do the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis have different names other than being anterior and posterior?

<p>Why do the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis have different names other than being anterior and posterior?</p>
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Hormone releasing cells

What are troph cells?

<p>What are troph cells?</p>
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Troph cells, hormones, parvocellular

Adenohypophysis has _______ _______ stimulated by releasing ____________ from ______________ neurons of the hypothalamus

<p>Adenohypophysis has _______ _______ stimulated by releasing ____________ from ______________ neurons of the hypothalamus</p>
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Magnocellular, systemic circulation

Neurohypophysis releases hormones from the ________________ neurons directly into ____________ ___________

<p>Neurohypophysis releases hormones from the ________________ neurons directly into ____________ ___________</p>
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Blood from one tissue to another without returning to heart or lungs

What is a portal system?

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Stimulating effect on other hormones

This image shows the major pituitary hormone, what are tropic hormones doing?

<p>This image shows the major pituitary hormone, what are tropic hormones doing?</p>
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Growth hormones released through Troph cells

Adrenal corticotropic hormone which initiates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Thyroid stimulating hormones will stimulate the release of thyroid hormones

Gonadotropin hormones go on to stimulate the release of hormones from the testes

Prolactin which affects the mammary glands

Looking at the anterior pituitary, tropic hormones will affect things like growth - name some hormones and their effects

<p>Looking at the anterior pituitary, tropic hormones will affect things like growth - name some hormones and their effects</p>
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Metabolism in the thyroid, stress response through cortisol, growth or different menstrual cycles and production of things within the reproductive system

The hypothalamus through the pituitary gland is capable of influencing what?

<p>The hypothalamus through the pituitary gland is capable of influencing what?</p>
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Anti-diruetic hormone (vasopressin), oxytocin

Looking at the posterior pituitary, we have 2 important hormones - what are they?

<p>Looking at the posterior pituitary, we have 2 important hormones - what are they?</p>
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Fluid balance, maintaining the right volume in the blood and the right osmolality

What role does the anti-diuretic (vasopressin) hormone play?

<p>What role does the anti-diuretic (vasopressin) hormone play?</p>
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Parturitions (birth) and lactation, involvement in emotions and strength of relationships built between people

What role does oxytocin play and what is it involved in?

<p>What role does oxytocin play and what is it involved in?</p>
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Involuntary

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is ____________

<p>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is ____________</p>
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic

What are the 2 efferent pathways of the ANS?

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Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (generally innervate the same tissue but normally have opposing effects)

What are the 3 innervate effectors of the ANS?

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The hypothalamus

The ANS can function without what?

<p>The ANS can function without what?</p>
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Regulation of body temperature

Which of the following requires greater input from the hypothalamus: pupillary constriction/dilation, salivation, regulation of body temperature?

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Pre-ganglion and post-ganglion

There are 2 main types of neurones, what are they?

<p>There are 2 main types of neurones, what are they?</p>
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In the CNS (some of them in the brain stem, some in spinal cord)

Where are pre-ganglion neurones found?

<p>Where are pre-ganglion neurones found?</p>
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In the periphery because they're found in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia (some close to target organs, some close to spinal cord)

Where are post-ganglionic neurones (cell bodies) found?

<p>Where are post-ganglionic neurones (cell bodies) found?</p>
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Post-ganglionic

If your cell body is in a ganglion, what kind of neurone is it?

<p>If your cell body is in a ganglion, what kind of neurone is it?</p>
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Periphery, cholinergic synapses

Pre-ganglionic neurones send their axons out into the ____________ and innervate the post-ganglionic neurones and how they innervate them is via ____________ ___________

<p>Pre-ganglionic neurones send their axons out into the ____________ and innervate the post-ganglionic neurones and how they innervate them is via ____________ ___________</p>
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Cholinergic

Pre-ganglionic neurones are primarily what?

<p>Pre-ganglionic neurones are primarily what?</p>
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ACh, other things depending on what its trying to do, it also has co transmitters so it might release ATP

What do pre-ganglonic neurones release?

<p>What do pre-ganglonic neurones release?</p>
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Sympathetic organisation

<p>Sympathetic organisation</p>
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Activation of presynaptic GABAb heteroreceptors on glutamatergic terminals and by postsynaptic GABAb receptors

What controls sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

<p>What controls sympathetic preganglionic neurons?</p>
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Sacral parasympathetic organisation

<p>Sacral parasympathetic organisation</p>
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Thoracic, cranial

Genetic expression of sacral pre-ganglionic neurons is more similar to __________ pre-ganglionic neurons than __________ pre-ganglionic neurons

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Controls the size of the pupil

What does CN III (cranial nerve 3) do?

<p>What does CN III (cranial nerve 3) do?</p>
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Moving the muscle of the eye, influencing the muscle within the eye that affects pupil diameter

What are the other functions of the oculomotor nerve?

<p>What are the other functions of the oculomotor nerve?</p>
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Hypothalamic

Influencing pupil diameter doesn't need which control?

<p>Influencing pupil diameter doesn't need which control?</p>
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Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus ambiguus

Which nuclei are important nuclei for where the vagus nerve originates?

<p>Which nuclei are important nuclei for where the vagus nerve originates?</p>
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~80%

How much of the total parasympathetic outflow does the vagus nerve carry?

<p>How much of the total parasympathetic outflow does the vagus nerve carry?</p>
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Visceral afferents

The vagus nerve also carries tonnes of ___________ __________ - vagal nerve stimulation

<p>The vagus nerve also carries tonnes of ___________ __________ - vagal nerve stimulation</p>
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Afferent and innervation of the vagus nerve

What does the blue line show?

<p>What does the blue line show?</p>