Summarized ecology exam #2

Who created phenotypic?

Linnaeus

Phenotypic definition

Look same= same

Biological Species Concept

Can produce fertile offspring

Phylogenetic

Ancestors

Which is most common and rare?

BSC is most common. Phylogenetic is rare.

Allopatric

living apart (most common)

4 mechanisms of sympatric

1. character displacement

2. behavioral isolation

3. polyploidy

4. hybrdization

X and Y axis of tolerance curve

X= Environmental factor

Y= Individuals

Allometry

Different body parts grow at different rates

Isometric

Uniform growth of body parts

Coprophagy

eating feces

Magnesium deficiency causes?

grass tetany

Magnesium deficiency:

Sodium deficiency:

Magnesium deficiency: Affects metabolic health

Sodium deficiency: Influences where they graze

Distribution (kind of)

Allocation

Ex. Tanning. Example of what?

phenotypic plastcity

Polyphenism

A single genotype can result in many morphs

Cost of meiosis

Half your DNA, might split up bad

Cost of males

Putting resources into making males

Red queen hypothesis

Keep up with parasites/predators

Isogamy

Gametes same size

Anisogamy

Big female gametes= females choosy

Gonochoristic

Single sex

Hermaphorditic

Sex changes

Hermaphorditic: Simultaneous

Both at the same time

Hermaphorditic: Sequential

Change after maturity

Hermaphorditic: Sequential

1. Protandrous

2. Protogynous

1. Protandrous= Male first

2. Protogynous= Female first

Monomorphic vs dimorphic

Monomorphic male and females are alike. Dimorphic is mature sexes distinguishable.

Sexy-son hypothesis

Attractive male= attractive son

Runaway hypothesis

Female preference for a trait becomes genetically linked, and then exaggerated.

Handicap hypothesis

Extravagant traits= genetic quality, because only high quality males can survive despite these “handicaps”

Increasing the number of eggs leads to what (in regards to fitess and Survival)?

Increase fitness, dec chance of surviving until next year

Alitrical

born helpless

Precocial

born mature

fecundity

ability to produce an abundance of offspring

parity

How many times you reproduce

maturation

age at first reproduction

Annuals

Biennial

Perennials

Annuals: Live 1 year

Biennial: Live through a non-breeding season

Perennials: Live multiple years

What kind of environments?

Semelparous

Iteroparous

Semelparous: Extreme/ unstable

Iteroparous: predictable/ less extreme

Genet vs ramet

Genet is the entire unit. Ramet is just a piece.

Dispersal vs disperson

Dispersal: Moving away

Disperson: location

what causes uniform and clumped?

uniform: competition for limited resources

clustered: patchy, aggression/attraction

Survivor ship curve x and y axis?

X: age

Y: surivorship log

Survivor ship curve

I.

II.

III.

I. Late mortality (humans now)

II. Even

III. early mortality

R>1

R<1

R~1

R>1: Growing

R<1: Decreasing

R~1: stable

R equation

∑lxbx

T equation

(∑xlxbx)/∑lxbx

Surface Area equation

2(lw+lh+hw)

Mark recapture equation

N= (2nd sample size * 1st sample size)/ # recaptured

Quadrant equation

Nest= (A/a)n

A= Total study area

a= 1 quadrant area

n= #of animal/# of quadrants

Allee effect

small pop= hard to find mate

Pros and cons of quadrant

• good for sessile, short lived organisms

• affected by dispersion

Pros and cons of Mark recapture

• Good for mobile

• Assumptions are problematic

Density-dependent

Affect growth rates based on how crowded the population is

Density-dependent has a greater affect on what kind of populations?

Larger populations

Logistic equation

𝑑𝑁𝑑𝑡 =𝑟𝑁(𝐾−𝑁)/𝐾

𝑵 : Population size.

𝒕: Time.

𝒓: Intrinsic rate of increase (growth rate).

𝑲: Carrying capacity (max sustainable population).

r-selected vs. K-selected in regards to:

• Lifespan

• body size

• Growth rate

• parental care

• Colonizers, competitors

• density: independent/dependent adult mortality