Biology UIL

What are the four macromolecules that make up all living things?

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

Proteins are made of __.

Amino acids.

What types of molecules do lipids include?

Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids.

Nucleic acids such as and are responsible for storing and transferring genetic information.

DNA, RNA.

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

Stores genetic material.

What do mitochondria produce?

ATP through respiration.

The endoplasmic reticulum can be categorized into what two types?

Rough ER and Smooth ER.

What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?

Packages proteins for export.

What do lysosomes do?

Break down waste.

What process do chloroplasts perform?

Photosynthesis.

What type of transport does not require energy?

Passive transport.

What is active transport?

Transport that requires ATP.

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M (Mitosis), Cytokinesis.

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication occurs.

What role do cyclins and CDKs play in the cell cycle?

Regulate the cell cycle to prevent cancerous growth.

What enzyme unwinds DNA during replication?

Helicase.

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Builds new strands of DNA.

What is the role of ligase during DNA replication?

Joins fragments on the lagging strand.

What does meiosis produce?

Haploid gametes from diploid cells.

What occurs during Meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes separate.

What is crossing over?

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

What two cycles can viruses undergo?

Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.

What is the final result of glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

In the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate is converted to .

CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP.

What is produced through aerobic cellular respiration?

34 ATP, H₂O.

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

Less ATP, leading to lactic acid or ethanol + CO₂.

What happens during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Water is split to produce O₂, ATP, and NADPH.

What is the Calvin Cycle?

CO₂ is converted to glucose using ATP and NADPH.

What is transcription?

The process of making mRNA from DNA.

What occurs during translation?

mRNA is translated to build proteins.

What types of mutations can occur in DNA?

Point mutations and frameshift mutations.

What is the lac operon?

A regulatory system in bacteria for gene expression.

What is Mendelian genetics?

The study of dominant and recessive alleles and Punnett squares.

What is incomplete dominance?

A genetic scenario where red and white flowers produce pink flowers.

What does codominance refer to?

A situation where both alleles are fully expressed (e.g., blood type AB).

What are polygenic traits?

Traits influenced by multiple genes (e.g., skin color, height).

What is CRISPR?

A gene editing technology used to alter DNA.

What does natural selection refer to?

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive.

What is microevolution?

Small-scale evolutionary changes within a population.

What is macroevolution?

Evolutionary change that results in the formation of new species.

What type of evidence supports the theory of evolution?

Fossils, DNA comparisons, and homologous structures.

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

What are innate behaviors?

Inborn behaviors that are instinctual, not learned.

What are learned behaviors?

Behaviors acquired through experience.

What is symbiosis?

A relationship between two different organisms living in close physical proximity.

What does carrying capacity refer to in ecology?

The maximum population size that an ecosystem can sustain.

What are the two types of population growth?

Logistic growth and exponential growth.

What cycles are considered biogeochemical cycles?

Carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Forms protective layers on surfaces and cavities.

What are the four major tissue types in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

What is the cause of malaria?

The Plasmodium parasite transmitted by mosquitoes.

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Fever, chills, anemia, organ failure.

What are common treatments for malaria?

Antimalarial drugs like quinine and artemisinin.