BIO 120 Lecture Review: The Endomembrane System, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture notes on the Endomembrane System, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts in BIO 120.

Endomembrane System

A system of membranes within eukaryotic cells that divides the organelles and facilitates communication among them.

Cytoplasm

The contents of a cell not including the nucleus.

Cytosol

The gelatinous internal environment of a cell that surrounds organelles.

Vesicles

Small membrane-enclosed sacs that transport substances within a cell.

Exocytosis

The process of a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane to release its contents outside of the cell.

Endocytosis

The process of a vesicle budding off of the cell membrane, trapping material from outside the cell and bringing it inside.

Nuclear envelope

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus, comprising an inner and outer membrane made of lipid bilayers.

Nuclear pores

Large protein complexes that allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus.

Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membranous tubules connected to the nuclear envelope, involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

The part of the endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes and synthesizes many types of proteins.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and is involved in producing fatty acids and phospholipids.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their destinations.

Lysosomes

Specialized vesicles that degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules and play a key role in recycling organic compounds.

Phagocytosis

The process by which cells engulf large particles or other cells.

Mitochondria

Organelles that harness energy from chemical compounds and convert it into ATP for the cell.

Chloroplasts

Organelles that capture solar energy and synthesize simple sugars for the cell through photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

The process of converting solar energy into usable energy by cells, resulting in simple sugars and oxygen.

Thylakoid

An internal membrane in chloroplasts that contains light-collecting molecules called pigments.