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Lewis Structure
A diagram that shows the bonding and lone pairs in a molecule but does not denote its shape.
Bond Angles
The angle formed between two bonds around a central atom that determines the molecular shape.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
A model that predicts the shape of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs.
Electron Domains
Regions of space around a central atom where electrons are most likely to be found. Includes lone pairs and bonds.
Trigonal Planar Geometry
The geometry of a molecule with three bonding electron domains and no lone pairs, resulting in bond angles of 120°.
Tetrahedral Geometry
The geometry of a molecule with four bonding pairs of electrons, resulting in bond angles of approximately 109.5°.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Bonds where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in a dipole moment.
Hybridization
The process of combining different atomic orbitals to create new orbitals of equal energy.
Sigma (σ) Bond
A single bond formed by head-to-head overlap of orbitals, characterized by cylindrical symmetry around the bond axis.
Pi (π) Bond
A bond formed by sideways overlap of orbitals, found in double and triple bonds.
Localized Electrons
Electrons that are confined to a specific bond between two atoms.
Delocalized Electrons
Electrons that are spread out over several atoms, contributing to resonance structures.
Octahedral Geometry
The geometry of a molecule with six electron domains and bond angles of 90°.
Seesaw Geometry
A molecular geometry resulting from four bonds and one lone pair, leading to bond angles less than 120° and less than 90°.
Nonbonding Pairs
Electron pairs that are not involved in bonding and can affect molecular shape by occupying more space than bonding pairs.
Electron Domain Geometry
The three-dimensional arrangement of electron domains around a central atom.
Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry
The geometry of a molecule with five electron domains, having bond angles of 120° and 90°.
Hybrid Orbitals
Orbitals formed by mixing different types of atomic orbitals to accommodate bonding requirements in molecules.
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