Understanding Classical Conditioning and Learning Concepts

Learning

Process of developing new information through experience.

Non-Associative Learning

Learning about a stimulus without forming associations.

Habituation

Decreased response to a non-harmful stimulus over time.

Sensitization

Increased response to a threatening or painful stimulus.

Associative Learning

Learning the relationship between two pieces of information.

Classical Conditioning

Learned response where a neutral stimulus elicits a reaction.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that instinctively prompts a reaction.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Instinctive reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Stimulus unrelated to the unconditioned response initially.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Learned stimulus that prompts a reaction after conditioning.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned reaction elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Gradual formation of association between stimuli.

Extinction

Weakening of conditioned response without unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

Reemergence of extinguished response after stimulus presentation.

Generalization

Similar stimuli produce the conditioned response.

Discrimination

Differentiation between similar stimuli based on association.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist known for classical conditioning research.

Reflexes

Motor reactions to stimuli, managed by primitive brain centers.

Instincts

Innate behaviors triggered by specific environmental events.

Sensitization

Emma's response to train noise in new apartment.

Instinct

Innate behavior occurring in response to stimuli.

Reflex

Automatic response to a stimulus, immediate and involuntary.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without learning.

Response Intensity

Strength of reaction to a stimulus over time.

Learned Response

Behavior acquired through experience rather than innate.

Nostalgia

Sentimental longing for the past, triggered by stimuli.

Frustration

Emotional response to perceived obstacles or irritations.

Concentration

Mental focus on a particular task or stimulus.

Environmental Stimulus

External factor that influences behavior or response.

Behavioral Adaptation

Change in behavior due to environmental experiences.

Emotional Conditioning

Associating emotions with specific stimuli through experience.

Contextual Learning

Learning that occurs in a specific environment or situation.

Sensory Memory

Initial brief storage of sensory information.

Cognitive Association

Linking thoughts or feelings to specific stimuli.

Reinforcement

Process that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Stimulus Generalization

Responding similarly to similar stimuli.

Warmth and Happiness

What example is a Conditioned emotional response related to “cookies' smell”.

Sound of Can Opener

An Example of Neutral stimulus that becomes conditioned stimulus for Luna the cat.

Feeding Luna

Unconditioned stimulus causing natural excitement response.

Running to Kitchen

Unconditioned response to the smell of food.

Cans Without Feeding

Trigger for extinction of conditioned response in Luna.

Conditioning Responses

Responses that change through conditioning processes.

Realistic Scenario Creation

Developing scenarios including all conditioning components.

Eyewitness Testimony

Reliability of accounts from witnesses in legal cases.

Amnesia

Memory loss affecting past or new information.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an injury.

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memories prior to a traumatic event.

Memory Errors

Inaccuracies or distortions in recollecting past events.

Forgetting

Loss of information from long-term memory.

Memory Distortion

Alteration of memories over time, leading to inaccuracies.

Memory Intrusion

Involuntary recall of distressing past memories.

Memory-enhancing Strategy

Techniques to transfer information to long-term memory.

Rehearsal

Conscious repetition of information for retention.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge.

Chunking

Grouping information into manageable units for memory.

Mnemonics

Memory aids that enhance recall through association.

Focused Study Sessions

Concentrated periods of study to improve learning.

Study Cycle

Structured approach to studying for better retention.

False Memories

Inaccurate recollections of events that did not occur.

Memory Problems

Issues affecting the accuracy and reliability of memory.

Learning Techniques

Methods to improve understanding and retention of information.

Memory Test

Assessment of recall ability using specific items.

Memory Activity

Exercises designed to evaluate and enhance memory.

Self-reference effect

Making material personally meaningful enhances memory.

Forgetting curve

Information retention decreases rapidly over time.

Retrieval cues

Clues that aid in recalling stored information.

Hippocampus

Brain region crucial for memory processing.

Memory processing

The method by which information is encoded and retrieved.

Web of retrieval cues

Network of associations that facilitate memory recall.

Memory enhancement techniques

Strategies to improve information retention and recall.

Vowel counting activity

Exercise to engage attention and memory skills.

Recall exercise

Task to retrieve previously learned information.

Original list

Set of words used for recall practice.

Memory retention

Ability to keep information in long-term memory.

Personal relevance

Connection of material to one's own life for better recall.

Memory cues

Hints or prompts that trigger memory retrieval.

Association

Linking new information with familiar concepts.

Memory drop-off

Rapid decline in information recall over time.

Learning chapter

Section covering foundational concepts of learning.