psych notes

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been

abused

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of

developmental milestones

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

A(an) begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge

zygote

During the stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations

concrete operational

Children in the stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions

formal operational

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size

Change “large” to “below average"

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of motor skills

gross

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Ego identity is our .

sense of self

Late maturing boys are .

at a higher risk of depression

__ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.:physical

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?:conservation

Rochelle pours her Kool-Aid into different containers but knows the amount hasn’t changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information

schemata

During early childhood, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the .

vocabulary spurt

In thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion…

postformal

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Prader-Willi syndrome is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems.

change the name “Prader-Willi syndrome” to the name “Autism Spectrum Disorder”

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

refractory period

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Research shows that ; performance tends to suffer .

moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low

Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?

Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women. Jude is .

bisexual

Which of the following are good examples of the security level of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

safety and employment

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?

after he has received some exciting news

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

According to research, the need for encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list.

achievement

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?

Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

A person’s rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.

metabolic

individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

bisexual

A(n) is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

Drive theory states that deviations from create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

homeostasis

The complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.

Basolateral

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The components of cognition are physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience.

change the word “cognition” to the word “emotion”

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of motivation.

extrinsic

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?

It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

Following an outcome, are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Billie is a(n) because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver’s license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.

ageist

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of “I was just following orders” typically used by accused Nazis?

Milgram

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the effect.

Asch

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) bias.

in-group

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called .

empty

Which statement about Sternberg’s triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.

The word “hostile” should be changed to the word “instrumental.”

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called .

cognitive dissonance

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of social influence.

normative

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?

Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.

refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation.

homophobia

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn’t intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of .

instrumental aggression

If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?

Yale attitude change

Factory worker, supermarket cashier, and short-order cook are all examples of occupations with high levels of .

job strain

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009?

retired people

The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on .

healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) .

daily hassle

A stressor would be appraised as a if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a .

threat; challenge

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from . These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

Which of the following do not contribute to tension headaches?

depression

Ehab is a high school science teacher. He recently received a Teacher of the Year award for his district, but he believes he only received it because no one else bothered to apply for it. He is a popular teacher, but he is convinced the students only pretend to like him so they will get better grades. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

diminished personal accomplishment

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

The immune system is weakened.

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences .

less stress than someone who has no effective options

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of .

social support

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) .

positive outlook and positive expectations

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of .

social support

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In high-stress humans, exercise has been shown to prevent telomere lengthening.

The word “lengthening” should be changed to the word “shortening.”

What is a major criticism of both the stimulus- and response-based definitions of stress?

These definitions provide a complete definition of stress.

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

training for a marathon

Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

A psychologist might investigate why people continue to smoke or eat high fat and processed food despite knowing the potential adverse health implications of such behaviors.

health

The concept of perceived control refers to…

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives