FINAL IMPORTANT TERMS (MCQ/ T/F)

Antisemitism and the Aryan myth

A false European idea that divided people into "Aryans" and "Semites" and claimed Jews were an inferior race.

Capitulations

Deals that let Europeans have special rights inside the Ottoman Empire.

Christian Bible (Gospel of John)

A Christian text that teaches Jesus is divine and focuses on belief in him

Greek War of Independence

Greece fighting the Ottoman Empire to become its own nation.

Hellenism

Mixing Greek culture with local cultures in the Middle East after Alexander.

Homosociality

People mainly socializing with others of the same gender.

Jewish/Hebrew Bible

The holy scriptures of the Jewish tradition.

Mamluk

A military slave who could rise to become a powerful soldier or ruler.

Mawli

A non-Arab convert to Islam in the early empire.

Muhammad Ali (and Suez Canal)

An Egyptian ruler who modernized Egypt and helped set up changes leading to the Suez Canal era.

Napoleon's Conquest of Egypt

When France invaded Egypt in 1798.

Ottoman Concessions

Economic deals that gave Europeans control or special privileges in Ottoman lands.

Prophet Muhammad

The founder of Islam.

Qur'an

The holy book of Islam.

Sectarianism

Groups within a religion splitting into separate communities.

Sufism

The mystical, spiritual side of Islam.

Sunni and Shia

The two main branches of Islam.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret British and French plan to divide the Middle East after World War I.

Tanzimat reforms

Ottoman efforts to modernize the government and create equal laws.

Umma (early)

The first Muslim community formed around Muhammad.

Zoroastrianism

The ancient religion of Iran before Islam.

Partition and population exchange (e.g., Greek / Turkish)

When Greece and Turkey forced people to move so each country would have one main religion.

Iranian revolution (1979)

A movement that removed the Shah and created the Islamic Republic of Iran.