SA Noun Check

I did not make, just exported Ayesha's cuz i didnt wanna pay for quizlet plus

Afrikaners

Afrikaners

immigrants from Britain or descendents of dutch settlers, developed ideology of apartheid

Jan Smuts

the second Prime Minister of South Africa, formed wartime coalition government that declared war on Germany, played significant role in drafting UN Charter

Zulu, Xhosa, Malay, Griqua

subdivisions of groups in the Population Registration Act

Hendrik Verwoerd

Minister of Native Affairs, prime minister, driving force behind 'separate development'

Oliver Tambo

ANC activist and prominent in MK, the ANC's president in exile from 1967 to 199

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994

D.F. Malan

Afrikaner nationalist prime minister, advocate racial purity, designer of much of Apartheid, did not support merge to United Party, broke away to form 'Purified' National Party

Dr. Alfred Xuma

president of ANC in 1940, strong, active style of leadership, favored cooperation with colored and Indian leaders to present a united front against discrimination, called for abolition of NRC, established ANC Women's League

Madie Hall Xuma

first president of ANC's Womens' League

Anton Lembede

first president of Congress Youth League, Africanist

Walter Sisulu

Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa

James Mpanza

organized largest informal settlement, founder of Sofasonke Movement

Albert Luthuli

Zulu chief who became the president of the ANC in 1952 known for his commitment to non-violence, repeatedly banned by the South African government, he opposed the adoption of armed struggle and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960

Dr. ZK Matthews

Cape leader of ANC, proposed that ANC arrange a Congress of the People to which all resistance groups would be invited to plan for a future democratic South Africa

Rahima Moosa, Lilain Ngoyi, Helen Joseph, Sophie Williams

leaders of Women's March, symbolically chosen to represent four 'race groups'

Adolph "Sailor" Malan

led War Veterans' Torch Commando, decorated pilot who fought in Battle of Britain

Father Trevor Huddleston

priest from the UK, anti-apartheid, led the protest against removals in Sophiatown, and one of the founding members of the AAM

Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo

Africanists, broke away from ANC to form PAC, wanted PAC to take take inspiration from countries in the north, where Africans were gaining independence from colonial rule

Kwame Nkrumah

leader of newly independent West African state of Ghana

Ahmed Sekou Toure

leader of newly independent West African state of Guinea

Philip Kgosana

young PAC leader, led peaceful march from Langa and Nyanga townships to police headquarters in central Cape Town to protest police actions at Sharpeville, requested meeting Minister of Justice, arrested

Martin Luther King

joined opposition to apartheid, issued joint statement with Luthuli denouncing actions of apartheid government and calling on people to support anti-apartheid initiatives

Harold Macmillan

British Prime Minister, a few weeks before Sharpeville Massacre, he ended a month-long tour of Africa in Cape Town, where he addressed South African parliament, saying strength of African nationalism, hinted that racial polices would not get Britain's support

Frederick John Harris

member of ARM, a schoolteacher, arrested, convicted, and executed for bombing instillations, chairman of South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee

Looksmart Khulile Ngudle

political prisoner from General Law Amendment Act, died in police detention when being interrogated

Bram Fischer

tried to revive MK after Rivonia Trial, arrested and imprisoned, led team of lawyers who defended accused in Rivonia Trial, charged with supporting communism

Bruno Mtolo

state's key witness for Rivonia Trial MK operative from Natal, police informer

JBM Hertzog

led National Party to promote white Afrikaner interests, former Boer general and Afrikaner politician

JG Strijdom

second prime minister who headed National Party, from transvaal, represented interests of white workers and farmers

Moses Kotante

sent by ANC to Bandung Conference as an observer to understand their protests as part of worldwide struggle for freedom

Ruth First

investigative journalist who exposed some of the harsh realities of labor conditions under apartheid, editor for the Guardian and New Age

Sam Kahn

of CPSA, elected as representative in 1948 after Representation of Voters Act, expelled from parliament in 1952

Brian Bunting

elected in place of Saam Kahn, expelled in 1953

Ray Alexander

trade unionist and member of CPSA, elected as representative in 1954, prevented by police from entering the parliament building to take up seat as native representative

Yusuf Dadoo

organizer of Indian Passive Resistance Campaign, deputy chair of planning committee for Defiance Campaign, member of SACP, charged with treason in 1956, eventually acquitted

Govan Mbeki

Rivonia Trialist, brought by SACP to serve as headquarters of national high command

Joe Slovo

Leader of South African Communist Party and prominent member of ANC, helped draft Freedom Charter and manifesto for MK

Gumede

ANC est early links with CPSA when he was president of ANC; wanted to work with CPSA to oppose new segregation legalization; more conservative ANC leaders strongly opposed to communism and he was forced out of office

Wilton Mkwayi

tried to restart MK after Rivonia Raid

JB Marks

member of ANC, leader in CPSA, led African Mineworkers Union

Madiba

title of respect given to Nelson Mandela.

Pass Laws

controlled where Africans could live and work, aim was to limit and control the movement of people from rural areas to the towns and cities

Color Bar

in workplace,reserved skilled positions in the mines and in factories for white workers, prevented black workers from training for skilled positions and denied them the right to strike or join registered trade unions

Civilized Labor Policy

gave white workers a protected place in the economy, they were given preference for jobs in government departments, and thousands of black workers were dismissed and replaced by whites

1913 Land Act

set aside certain areas as 'reserves' which were the only places where Africans could own land, caused hardship as people were forced off land, destroyed independence of black peasant farmers and forced them onto cheap labor market, as workers on white-owned farms, or in mines

Native Law

ensured that Africans had segregated legal and administrative systems with chiefs on reservations

Constitution of the Union of South Africa

only whites had right to vote and only whites were allowed in parliament or government

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

made marriages and sexual relations between whites and people of other races illegal

Immorality Act (1950)

police went to extraordinary lengths to convict people under this act, using binoculars, tape recorders, adn cameras to obtain evidence, and even bursting into bedrooms to do so

Population Registration Act (1950)

classified all South Africans into race groups, white, colored, Indian, and African, everyone had to have identity cards that stated racial classification

Group Areas Act (1950)

demarcated separate residential areas for each race group, all others had to move out, best examples were Sophiatown and District 6

Abolition of Passes Act (1952)

strengthened pass system by consolidating all existing forms of passes and permits into a single pass or reference book

Separate Amenities Act (1953)

facilities and services were allocated for 'whites' or 'nonwhites', could only serve one 'race group'

Bantu Education Act (1953)

specified a separate curriculum for African children, designed to prepare them to be manual laborers, limited and strictly controlled by government, led to decline in quality of education available to African children

Separate Universities Act (1959)

forced students to study at separate universities, 'open' universities forced to accept white students only

Section 10 of the Native Laws Amendment Act (1952)

prevented Africans from staying in an urban area for more than 72 hours unless they had been born there, or had worked continuously for one employer for 10+ years, or had proof of having lived there for more than 15 years

Natives Resettlement Act (1954)

people forced to leave mixed areas, where they had owned land and houses, and move into the townships

Bantu Authorities Act (1951)

groundwork for homelands policy, abolished Natives' Representatives Council and gave more power to traditional chiefs in the reserves, no provision was made for any form of political representation for Africans in urban areas

Tomlinson Commission (1950 - 1956)

appointed by government to investigate how homelands could be economically self sufficient, recommended that they should be enlarged nad consolidated geographically with investment, government ignored recommendations

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959)

outline of Verwoerd's plan for homelands policy, reserved were to become self governing states (Bantustans) in which black people could exercise their political rights, they would be stripped of South African citizenship and forced to become citizens of one of the homelands

"Entrenched" Clause

portion of the constitution which guaranteed non-racial franchise in Cape and could only be changed by a 2/3 majority in both houses of parliament

Separate Representation of Voters Bill (1951)

aimed to disenfranchise colored voters, when act was passed by a simple majority, its validity was challenged in courts by a group of voters, supported by United Party, Appeal Court declared act to be invalid

High Court of Parliament Bill

gave parliament power to overrule decisions of court, declared invalid by courts

Senate Act (1955)

increased size of Senate from 48 seats to 89, and the method by which senators were chosen was altered in a way that the National Party controlled 77 of the seats in the enlarged senate, appeal against validity was rejected by Appeal Court

Separate Representation of Voters Act (1956)

ended the right of Cape coloureds to vote with the whites in elections

Suppression of Communism Act (1950)

banned communist party and made it an offence to promote communist ideas, defined 'communism' so broadly that the law was used to suppress any opposition to the government's policies

Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act (1953)

made it illegal for employers to recognize African trade unions or to negotiate with them, meant that these unions were powerless to improve working conditions for their members, African unions were excluded from bargaining negotiations with unions representing other race groups

Criminal Law Amendment Act (1953)

provided for terms of imprisonment, fines, or floggings for people who broke law as a means of protest or in support of any campaign against the law, government response to Defiance Campaign

Public Safety Act (1953)

gave the state the power to declare an emergency and use harsh measures to suppress opposition, including used of detention without trial, gov used police and army to enforce apartheid laws

Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act (1946)

aka Ghetto Act, barred Indians from living and trading freely except in certain restricted areas, in response, Indian community launched a passive resistance campaign to resist law

Programme of Action

proposed by CYL, advocated for use of more active forms of protest such as civil disobedience, protests, stikes, and boycotts

"Freedom Charter" (1955)

vision for future non-racial South Africa, delegates at Congress of the People unanimously adopted charter

Resolution 134

after Sharpeville Massacre, UN Security Council passed this, voicing disproval of policies and actions of South African government, calloning on it to abandon apartheid, situation is threat to international peace, ignored by South African government

Resolution 1761

passed by UN General Assembly, declared that apartheid was a threat to international peace and security, called on South Africa to abandon policies of apartheid and urged UN members to break of diplomatic relations

Security Council Resolution 181

called for all UN member states to stop the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition, and military vehicles to South Africa, resolution regarded as recommendation/voluntary, nine members in favor, Britain and France abstained

Resolution 1881

called on South Africa to stop Rivonia Trial and release all political prisoners, helped to initiate an international campaign to release the prisoners who faced death penalty

Resolution 1899

urged all countries to stop supplying oil to South Africa

Unlawful Organizations Act (1960)

outlawed ANC and PAC

Sobukwe Clause in the General Laws Amendment

used to keep Sobukwe, PAC leader, on Robben Island for 6 more years

Sabotage Act (1962)

gave state wide ranging powers to restrict liberty of opponents of government, anyon labeled a 'communist agitator' could be placed under 24 hour house arrest, made sabotage a serious offence as treason, with minimum sentence of five years and maximum penalty of death

General Law Amendment Act (1963)

introduced detention without trial, gave police power to arrest anyone suspected of sabotage, without a warrant of arrest, and to detain such a person for 90 says before brining suspect to trial, during 90 day period, suspect not allowed legal advice or visitors, detention could be renewed at end of 90 days, making it indefinite detention without trial

Scorched-Earth Policy

used by British in Boer War, destroying all resources that may be useful to the enemy

1948 Sauer Report

result of commission that National Party appointed to investigate existing segregation policies, recommended that there should be a complete separation of races into homelands

South African Citizenship Act (1949)

the term 'Union citizen' replaced 'British citizen" on South African passports, adn British citizens had to wait five years before being eligible to apply for union citizenship

1936 Representation of Voters Act

disenfranchised African male voters in the Cape, had made provision for the election of three white 'native representatives' to represent Africans in the all white parliament

Segregation

a system of laws to separate people, based on race

Migrant labor

system from which black workers from rural areas did the manual labor on the mines for low wages, living in strictly controlled compounds

Apartheid ideology

developed by Afrikaner intellectuals during the 1930s, became core of National Party's appeal to the predominantly white electorate in its campaign for the 1948 election

Black Peril

National Party played on the white electorate's fear of the being overwhelmed by a militant black majority in order to secure votes

Identity cards

Population registration Act required everyone to carry these everywhere, stated racial classification, determined what opportunities people had in life

"Open" Universities

forced to accept white students only, Cape Town (UCT), Natal, Witwatersrand (Wits)

"Endorsed Out"

under Section 10 of Native Laws Amendment Act, if no jobs were available for Africans, they would be ___________ and sent to the reserves, this practice was referred to by government as 'influx control'

South Africans to India

when National Party came into power in 1948, it continued the policy of previous governments by encouraging ______, policy not successful, government established Department of Indian Affairs instead

"Separate Development"

based on the idea that every black South African belonged to a separate 'national group', each with its own language and traditions

"Divide & Rule"

creating divisions among the black majority through the homeland system as a means of maintaining white control

"Restriction Orders"

Suppression of Communism Act gave state to use _______ or house arrests to silence critics

Banning Order/Banned People

these people were barred from holding office in any trade union or political organization, and they could not attend meetings, they could not be quoted in newspapers and anything they previously wrote was banned, some had passports withdrawn

Atlantic Charter

black expectations encouraged with this document, promised self determination

"African Claims in South Africa'

at its 1942 congress, ANC set up a committee to study the Atlantic Charter and implications for Africa, this document came from meeting, called for vote for all adults, a fair distribution of land, and the right for Africans to own land in urban areas, and end to discrimination in workplace, adn the right to a good education and adequate medical care for all

Africanist

Ideology that says that black African people should determine their own future