Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric

Types of tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Skeletal

Function Of Epithelial Tissues

to line cavities or cover surfaces

Characteristic of Epithelial Tissues

closely packed together, continous sheets/layers, free or apical surface one edge, avascular, have a nerve supply, have a high capacity ofr renewal or go through mitosis rapidly

Functions of Epithelial tissues

Protection, Filtration, Lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction

Layers of Epithelial Tissues

Simple, stratified, Pseudostratified

Simple Epithelial Tissues

one layer of epithelial cells

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

more than one layer of epithelial cells

Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissues

one layer looks like 2 layers

Shapes of Epithelial Tissues

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional

Squamous

Flat and thin Epithelial Tissues

Cuboidal

Cubelike Epithelial Tissues

Columnar

Elongated Epithelial Tissues

Transitional

capable of stretching, no set shape epithelial tissue

Tissues

group of cells that perform a function

Apical Surface

an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

Basal Surface

The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

Glandular Epithelium

composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids

Gland

one cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or on top of surface

Two Types of glands

Exocrine and Endocrine

Exocrine Glands

secrete into ducts or tubes, ex. perspiration, oil into skin, sweat glands

Endocrine Glands

secrete hormones onto cell surfaces diffuses into blood and carried through body, ex. pituitary and thyroid

Structure classifications

unicellular and multicellular

Unicellular

mucus cell, goblet cell one cell

Multicellular

salivary gland, sweat glands, more than one cell

Functional Classifications of glandular epithelium

holocrine, merocrine, and apocrine glands

Holocrine Glands

product is released upon cell death ex. sebaceous glands

Sebaceous Glands

sebum gland

Sebum

Oil

Merocrine Glands

glands where product is discharged as its being produced, ex. salivary glands

Apocrine glands

glands that secretes product by exocytosis or pinches off into vessicles, ex. mammary glands

Exocytosis

movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell

Connective Tissue functions

supports and protects body organs, bends organs together, stores energy reserves, some provide immunity

Immunity

(medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease

Three Basic Elements of connective tissue

Cells, Ground Substance, Fibers

Cells, Ground Substance, and Fibers

The matrix consists of

Characteristics of connective tissues

cells rarely touch each other, rarely have an apical surface, have a nerve supply, highly vascular

Matrix of Connective tissue

can be liquid solid and/ or gel

Liquid Matrix of connective tissue

blood

Solid Matrix of connective tissue

bone

Gel Matrix of connective tissue

cartilage

Fibers of connective tissue

Collagen, elastic, reticular

Collagen Fibers

strong fibers, ex. ligaments and tendons

Elastic fibers

can be stretched, ex. ears

Reticular fibers

hold together and provide shape fibers, fibers coated with collagen, ex. spleen

Classifications of Connective tissues

Embryonic, Mature

Types of embryonic connective tissues

Mesenchyme and mucus

Mesenchyme

connective tissue in embryo and in adultsduring wound healing

Mucus

connective tissue that hold umbilical cord

Types of Mature Connective Tissue

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood

Three types of Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

Loose Connective Tissue

Connective tissue that are not well arranged

Dense Mature Connective Tissue

well organized connective Tissue

Two Types Of Dense Connective Tissue

Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, and elastic

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

white or silvery ex. tendons

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

sheets of connective tissue ex. facia

Three types of cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage

Chondrocytes

produce cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

cartilage at the ends of bones

Fibrocartilage

strongest cartilage located where boned do not move, ex. sutures

Elastic Cartilage

cartilage in the ears

Bone

Osseous Tissue

Osteoblasts

cells that make bones, eventually mature into osteocytes

Osteocytes

mature osteoblasts

Blood

vascular tissue, ex. red blood cells, White blood cells, platelets etc.

Muscle tissue

long cells that look like fiber

Three types of Muscle tissue

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, nuclei

Nuclei in Skeletal muscle tissue

is at the side of the cell

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

involuntary, striated, has a central nucleus, cells are arranged end to end, autorhythmic

Autorhythmicity

can self contract

Intercalated discs

attachment point of cell, end to end

Smooth muscle

involuntary, non-striated, central nucleus, contract together

two types of cells in Nerve tissues

neurons and neurogli or glial cells

Neurons

cells that converts stimuli into a nerve action potential or NAP, sends NAP to other cells

Neuroglia

glial cells

Neuroglia

produce neurotransmitters, phagocytic, produce myelin, produce cerebrospinal fluid, regulates ion balance

Neurotransmitters

chemicals that carry NAP from one cell to another

Phagocytic

the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles

Myelin

coats neurons and insulates

Parenchyma

main tissue type

Anatomy of Integumentary system

Epidermis, Dermis, subcutaneous or hypodermis

Epidermis

upper layer of tissue, stratified squamous

Stratum Corneum

25-30 cells thick of dead keratinized epithelial cells, gives protection

Statum Lucidum

3-5 cells thick, in skin w/o hair, ex. palms of hand and sole of feet, dead keratinized cells

Stratum Granulosum

3-5 cells thick, dying cells, have granules

Stratum Spinosum

8-10 cells thick, dying cells, pointed

Stratum Basale

1 cell thick, Living cells, skin stem cells

Keratinocytes

make brown pigment

Malanocytes

secrete melanin when struck by UV light

Dermis

connective tissue, site of hair follicle, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, arrector pilli, nerve endings/receptors, and blood vessels

Two regions of Dermis

Papillary region and reticular region

Subcutaneous

adipose tissue of skin

Physiology of Integumentary System

Regulates bopdy temperature, protects, sensation, excretion, dehydration prevention, Immunity, is a blood reservoir, synthesis of vitamin D

Rgulating body temperature

changing blood flow, sweating, goosebumps

Changing blood flow

blood sends heat to skin releasing heat, increasing blood flow releases more heat

Sweating

contains hear, evaporates, lets heat out

Goosebumps

creates friction, arrector pilli pulls hair back and forth

Protection

H2O light, germ proof, from UV light

UV light

damages DNA

Color

Carotene, melanin, and hemoglobin