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soil
layer of chemically and biologically altered material that overlies bedrock or other unaltered material at Earth’s surface
parent material
the layer of bedrock that underlies soil and plays a major role in determining the type of soil that will form above it
horizon
a distinct layer of soil
leaching
a process in which groundwater removes some substances by dissolving them and moving them down through the soil to lower layers
weathering
the physical and chemical alteration of rock material near Earth’s surface
water potential
a measure of water’s potential energy which indicates its tendency to move from one area to another
matric potential
the potential energy generated by the attractive forces between water molecules and soil particles
field capacity
the maximum amount of water held by soil particles against the force of gravity
wilting point
the water potential at which most plants can no longer retrieve water from the soil
cation exchange capacity
the ability of a soil to retain cations
soil salinization
the process of repeated irrigation which causes increased soil salinity
cohesion
the mutual attraction among water molecules
transpiration
the process by which leaves can generate water potential as water evaporates from the surfaces of leaf cells into the air spaces within the leaves
cohesion-tension theory
the mechanism of water movement from roots to leaves due to water cohesion and water tension
stomata
small openings on the surface of leaves which serve as the points of entry for CO2 and exit points for water vapor
RuBP carboxylase oxidase
an enzyme involved in photosynthesis that catalyzes the reaction of RuBP and CO2 to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Also known as rubisco
C3 photosynthesis
the most common photosynthetic pathway, in which CO2 is initially assimilated into a three carbon compound, G3P
Photorespiration
the oxidation of carbohydrates to CO2 and H2O by rubisco, which reverses the light reactions of photosynthesis
C4 Photosynthesis
A photosynthetic pathway in which CO2 is initially assimilated into a four carbon compound, oxaloacetic acid
Crassulacean metabolism (CAM)
a photosynthetic pathway in which the initial assimilation of carbon into a four carbon compound occurs at night
Negative feedback
the action of internal response mechanisms that restores a system to a desired state, or set point, when the system deviates from that state
radiation
the emission of electromagnetic energy by a surface
independent variable
a factor that causes other variables to change
dependent variable
a factor that is being changed
continuous variable
a variable that can take on any numeric value, including values that are not whole numbers
categorical variable
a variable that falls into a distinct category or grouping. Also known as nominal variable
conduction
the transfer of heat between substances that are in contact with one another
convection
the transfer of heat by the movement of liquids and gasses
evaporation
the transformation of a liquid to a gas with the input of heat energy
thermal inertia
the resistance to change in temperature due to a large body volume
blood shunting
an adaptation that allows specific blood vessels to shut off so that less of an animal’s warm blood flows to the cold extremities