Anatomy Module 12

Interstitial fluid is renamed what as soon as it enters the lymphatic vessels

lymph

There are three basic functions of the lymphatic system. This includes fluid balance, fat absorption, and what?

Immunological defense

Tonsils are groups of what found in the throat and on the back of the tongue

lymph nodes

An immune response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin ecountered

innate immunity

An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin

acquired immunity

Immunity that comes from antibodies in the blood

Humoral immunity

Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins stimulate nearby cells to resist the virus

Interferon

Immunity that comes from the action of T lymphocytes

cell-mediated immunity

Chemicals that promote fever by acting on the hypothalamus

pyrogens

Lymph is the same throughout the lymphatic system

False

Lymph vessels near the intestine absorb what, giving the lymph a milky appearance there

fats

Peyer’s patches are groups of lymph nodules found in the wall of the what

small intestine

What three basic functions of the lymph node have?

1. Testing the lymph for foreign invaders.

2.  Adding lymphocytes to the blood.  

3. Filtering the lymph with macrophages.

What are the three basic functions of the spleen?

1. To cleanse the blood of foreign invaders.

2. To dispose of worn-out erythrocytes.

3. To be a reservoir of blood.

What type of lymph vessels carry lymph into the lymph node?

Afferent lymph vessels

What type of lymph vessels carry lymph away from the lymph node?

Efferent lymph vessels

Imagine a person walking down the street to a bus stop. While walking to the bus stop, the person is referred to as a ‘pedestrian’. When the person boards the bus, he or she is considered a ‘passenger’ instead. The person is exactly the same person just referred to in a completely different way. How is this similar to interstitial fluid and lymph?

When interstitial fluid enters lymph vessels, it is called lymph. It is the same fluid, but because it is now moving through the lymph vessels, it is called something different. This is just like a person who is a pedestrian while walking and a passenger when riding.

After a fatty meal, the blood looks like tomato soup —a cloudy red, After fasting, it is a clear cherry red. Why?

Remember, fat is brought into the blood via the lymphatic system. When it is in the lymphatic system, it looks milky-white. When it gets dumped into the blood, it gives the blood a cloudy appearance. So, the blood is cloudy because of fat that is being brought into the blood by the lymphatic system. When you are fasting, you are not taking in any food, including fat. So, there is no milky-white substance to cloud up the blood.

Which subclavian vein receives more lymph: the right or left subclavian vein?

Notice that the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein. The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein. Since the thoracic duct is much larger than the right lymphatic duct, more lymph drains into the left subclavian vein. In fact, the thoracic duct drains lymph from the entire abdomen and lower body, as well as the right side of the upper body. The right lymphatic duct drains only the upper right part of the body.

Which carries more lymph: an afferent lymph vessel or an efferent lymph vessel? assume both are connected to the same lymph node.

There may be several afferent vessels coming into a lymph node, but there is usually only one going out. So, the efferent vessel carries more lymph.

You're given 2 vials of salty liquid. One contains sweat and the other tears, What test could you preform to determine which was which?

Check for the presence of lysozyme. Lysozyme is in tears but not sweat.

One measure to prevent infection that was tested years ago involved interferon spray. If a person sprays interferon in their nasal cavity they become more immune to certain infections. To what kind of infections would the person be more immune?

The person would be more resistant to viral infections because interferon is antiviral

A blood sample has plasma B cells in it. Must it also have memory B cells against the same antigen?

If the blood has plasma B cells, it must have memory B cells

Must a blood sample with memory B cells in it also contain plasma B cells against the same antigen?

If blood has memory B cells it may not have plasma B cells

An afferent lymphatic vessel has…

multiple vessels going into the capillary

What shape is an antibody in?

Y

Lymphatic pathways begin as what that merge to form lymphatic vessels

capillaries

the wall of a lymphatic capillary consists of a single layer of what cells

epithelial

the structure of the walls of lymphatic vessels is similar to what, but thinner

veins

Lympatic also have what, similar to veins to prevent what

valves; back flow

Lymph enters a node through an efferent or afferent lymphatic vessel

afferent

The indented region where blood vessels and nerves join a lymph node is the what

helum

Lymph nodes contain large numbers of WBC’s called what and macrophages that fight invading microorganisms

lymphocytes

Red bone marrow

blood cell and lymphocyte production

thymus

site for T-cell maturation

spleen

filters and stores blood

Lymph nodes

helps filter pathogens and other foreign materials