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How do wing colors help butterflies?
They allow species recognition during mating.
How do bold color patterns deter predators?
They signal danger or toxicity, e.g., black-and-yellow warning stripes.
What is an example of a caterpillar using visual deterrence?
Spicebush swallowtail: early stages look like bird droppings, later stages mimic a snake with eye rings.
What are Mullerian and Batesian mimicry?
Mullerian: multiple toxic species share warning patterns.
Batesian: harmless species copy toxic models.
How do visual signals attract mates?
Bright colors, exaggerated or symmetrical traits, and patterned displays indicate mate quality.
How can visual signals indicate s- receptiveness?
Changes in coloration or specific stances (e.g., lordosis) reveal fertility.