ch. 17: immunization & vaccination

Type of aquired immunity

natural & artificial (both active & passive

naturally acquired active immunity

• developes after antigens enters the body by natural processes such as infection and in response the body immune system forms antibodies and memory cells

• length of immunity varies

  • lifelong- small pox, measles

  • few years- diphtheria, tetanus

  • lesser perios- flu, pneumonia

naturally acquired passive immunity

• antibodies producues in mother naturally transferred into babies body

• child developes immunity

• antibodies transferred from mother breast milk during nursing

  • maternal antibodies (short lived)

  • three to six months

artificially acquired active immunity

• careful choses antigen is intentionally introduced into a body to be immunized

• recipients immune system synthesizrs antibodies

artificially acquired passive immunity

• antibody therapy, by introducing antibody-rich serum (blood plasma) taken from diseased individual who has recovered and given to a susceotible individual currently with disease.

• referred to as monoclonal or covalent therapy

Remember!

Virus subtype is determined by H and N antigen on surface of the virus

• 15 variations of H

• 9 variations of N

Remember!

each flu season epitopes are different do therefore the vaccine from the previous year will not bind

Vaccine: Attenuated (live, weakened)

• microbes that has been cultivated under conditions that diable their virulent properties

• uses a weakened or modified version of a live virus or bacteria to stimulate an immune response without causing disease

• 3 methods

  • remove virulen genes from microbe

  • use closely-related but ledd dangrous organisms to produce immunity

  • microbes has been cultivated under different conditions

Vaccines: Killed/ Inactivated

• contain killed, but previously virulent, has been inactivated with chemicals or heat

• less effective bcs immune system can only one create humoral response, unless bossters are given

• must not change shape of antigen

  • heat can midfold and change shape

Vaccines: Subunit Vaccines

• antigenic fragments (protein) of microbes can create immune response

• protein subunit: hepatitis B is composed of viral envelope protein, HPV is composed of caspid protein

• modiied toxins: tetanus, diphtheria, rattlesanke toxoid

• less effective requires multiple doses

Vaccines: vector based recombinant vaccines

• genes fot antigens of pathogens inserted into non-pathogens

• nonpathogens are injected and expresses the genes from pathogen to elicit an immune response

• ex: johnson and johnson

method: direct injection

• into blood stream or intermuscular but will not induce secretory antobodies in the mucus membranes.

• stimulates immune response in the lymph nodes

method: inhalation/nasal spray

• fast method, easy, but tends not to make it to the bloodstream, very little response in the lymph nodes.

• may induce secretory antibodies in mucus membranes

methos: oral

• must not be deactivated by loe pH in stomach acids

• may induce secretory antibodies in mucus membrane

method: Subcutaneous

• induced just under the skin

• allows for the micro to replicate locally and not through out the body

• can induce systemic immune response

herd immunity

provides protection in populations to unprotected people

vaccine safety and problems

• general side effects: interferon response

• residual virulence: attentuated vaccine

• vaccine recalls: HPV and Covid J&J vaccine

• contamination

• Public misconceptions

• satbility

• allegic reaction

• research cost/gov