Exam 2

Mycenaeans

Conquered the Minoans, who had a system of writing not yet deciphered. Borrowed heavily from the Minoans after conquering such as language writing etc. and used record keeping for trade. Kings, Politics, and Religion haven't been found all we know is that they had a strong government and economy.

Emergence of City state

They go from kingdoms back to tribal situations with a very large central kingdom. Polis

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Greeces Geographical influence

Defined by existence of water, No fertile valleys, Water was difficult to pass, Couldn't support population by growing growing crops but could grow olives and grapes which were highly valuable. Hard landscape made them have to trade to live. Created merchant front

Greek culture starts near

Thessaly

Asian minor

the Turkish peninsula between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, more greek

Greeces Motives

Pressure due to not being able to grow crops made them have to grow olives, oils, and wines. Alcohol important because of sterilization. Met culture throughout Spain and Italy

Greek cultural implications

Greeks spread their culture to Mediterranean and to their colonies. Roman gods similar to Greek gods. Greeks set standard for other cultures, Phoenicians shared alphabet with Greek, smart alphabet with sounds representing symbols, made literacy democratic

Monarchy

A government in which power is in the hands of a single person

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of several famed families

Democracy

government by the people

Phoenicians

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols; donated it to the Greeks; learned form Greeks and Greeks learned form them some

Phalanx

Formation of soldiers carrying shields close together for defense in Greece. Wealthy army with horses and Calvary. Consists of Hoplites

Hoplite

A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men, but chose weapons of choice. Made up Phalanx

Draco

Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense; extremely harsh law maker In Greece; Everyone was equal although, which led democracy

Solon

Athenian Aristocrat in Greece who spoke against his fellow class. Laws allowed exiled to come home and got the enslaved out. Established everyone voting and deciding on laws and furthered democracy

Helots

Group of people the Greeks enslave. Helots are forced to work for the Spartans. Spartans have to keep one eye open as they fear the helots will attempt to kill them.

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Spartans

Ancient Greek military group that creates the baddest of the bad soldiers. Boys 7-8 years old get taken away from their moms and sent to war. If they survive they stay with the Spartans

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious. Darius and his son Zerksees run Persia where Pericles defeats zerksees

Pericles

Athenian leader used to defeat the Persians under Zerksees's ruling

Zerksees

Leader of Persia that was defeated by the Greeks under the ruling of Pericles. King Darius's Son

Peleponnesian War

The Peleponnesian war, Peleponnesia being the name of the peninsula both cities sit on, was a civil war between Greek city states. Athenians vs Spartans. Athenians eventually surrender tot he Spartans, although everyone in a way loses because of all of the loss caused.

Socrates

An Athenian philosopher who was interested in questions, and didn't believe in tradition. Believed in self reflection and created Socratic method; Not what you know but what you think you know. Train analogy

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil. Believed in two worlds, one we live in and one we experience. Ideal forms of things exist, but our ideas are always flawed. Plato's allegory of shadows

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato that understands his reasoning but doesn't agree. Doesn't like abstract thoughts because he believes they do nothing for us. His ideas are the basis of the scientific method. You don't learn about something by thinking about it, you learn by studying it.

Philip II

Alexander the Great's father. Philip was a leader of Macedon who expanded his kingdom into Greece as they lack unity from the war. Claims Greece and even gets them to like him. Murdered randomly. People scramble to claim kings a ship after his death

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Egypt and india. goal was to conquer the known world. Wants to merge cultures and creates huge empire. Has cleopatra's attention. Dies at 32 and empire dies with him

Hellenistic Culture

culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Alexander. You kept individual/regional beliefs and values but Greek vibe still exists

Epicureanism

philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life. Poverty was okay as long as happy and pleased in life. Politics bring out the worst in people

Stoicism

a Greek philosophy created by Zeno that stressed the importance of virtue over achievements. In things suck in life you endure them. Believed in politics and divine law.

Euclid

Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geomertry. Compiled all geometric knowledge into one book still known today.

Aristarchus

Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun. Aristotles student. Didn't even own a telescope

Archimedes

Greek Soldier and inventor that discovered the water screw, pulley systems, and water displacement. Eureka

Etruscans

first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization. Formed Latin alphabet. Emerged in Italy

Struggle of the orders

plebeians vs. patricians, plebeians fight for more of a say in the government. In Roman republic

Patricians

Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society

Plebeians

All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome

Punic Wars and Carthage

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage; a small town that crushes towns in Rome. Uses elephants to cross the alps. resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance.

Hannibal

general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War

Latifunda

huge estates bought by wealthy Romans, when poor Roman's couldn't afford their farmland and sunk.

Revolt of the Gracchi

Band of 3 brothers and followers led by Tiberius Gracchus (one of the brothers) formed to revolt against the rich Roman's for Latifunda. Killed by senators, his other brother Gaius Gracchus wanted a real solution and land reform, also killed. This spiraled Rome into civil war

Julius Caesar

Roman general who became the republic's dictator. Made alliance with Pompey leader of Spain, and gets betrayed. Murders Pompey. Dates cleopatra. Tries to bring Rome out of civil war. Killed by Brutus, an he treated like a son

Cleopatra

last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy

Octavian/Augustus

Caesar's adopted son who defeated Mark Anthony for title of ruler of Rome after Caesar's death. Rules Rome

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting over 200 years. After Octavian becomes ruler

Sanhedrin

An assembly of Jewish religious leaders—chief priests, rabbis, scribes, and elders—who functioned as the supreme council and tribunal during the time of Christ. Roman's thought this would bring the Jews closer to them.

Zealots

radical Jews who supported politicized terrorism against the Romans and assassinated Jews collaborating with them

Messiah

Savior sent by God to kick out the Roman's and liberate the Jews. Descendant of David. John the Baptist spoke of him and was very confident

Dionysus

God of wine and fertility, Zeus's son. Dionysus cult formed around him believed in eating his "flesh" and believed in an underworld as a place of salvation.

Mithras

A Persian deity worshiped in a mystery cult spread throughout the Roman world. Born from a rock and visited by shepherds. People hoped for underworld life

Paul of Taurus

Persecuted Christian's and bragged about it until he got struck down by a beam of light one day. Changed his way and opened religion to non gentiles forming the major Christian religion. Paul elaborates on Jesus's teachings and creates more structured laws. Travels Rome spreading Christianity

Doctrine of Petrine Succession

all popes are the successors of st. Peter; gives bishops a lot of power and say in what doctrine is right in wrong

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section as he thought Rome was too big to rule. Had two emperors and each had tiny emperors training underneath them until they died / retired

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith (didn't convert) and stopped the persecution of Christians. Makes Christianity legal after seeing a cross in the sky while fighting someone. Finally baptized on his death bed.

Milvian Bridge

battle in which Constantine attributed his victory over Maxentius, outside Rome to the support of the Christian God. Sees cross in sky

Attila the Hun

was the Emperor of a barbaric group until his death. Helped Germans revolt against Rome. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire and most feared man in world history. Killed in act

Vandals

One of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman empire. They kick out the emperor after Attila dies and last for a small time

Muhammad

Leader of the Islamic religion, a prophet who claimed that Allah was the one true god and blessed Muhammad with teachings (the Quran) to preach. Muhammad grew up poor and became a merchant with his uncle. Some like his teachings and some dislike them in Mecca. led his followers from Medina to overtake Mecca and create an Islamic state.

Bedouins

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia. Good travelers and traders who were tribal and violent. Stop at the Ka'aba to worship originally pagan

Quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Hijrah

the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

Ramadan

(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims. Where Muslims flew once a year to the Ka'ba to pray.

Five Pillars of Islam

Five acts of worship required of all Muslims, Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, Ramadan, and hajj

Ka'aba

Place you must return too as a Muslim once a year to worship. Captured from the pagans and used against them

Jihad

"struggle in the way of God"

Abu Bakr

First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad. His father in law. Insistent of keeping religion consistent

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

Shiites

Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph

Umayad Dynasty

Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world for a bit. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad. Sons of the Umayyad become caliphs and this faction makes up 10-15% of modern Islam

Abbasid Dynasty

Muslim dynasty after Ummayd, a dynasty that lasted a long time. Persia conquer and was created by Mohammad's youngest uncle's soms. Claimed they should be caliph instead of Umayyad because they were related to Muhammad. Moved capital to Baghdad.

Diwan

Abbasid Dynasty. An administrative unit of government which collected taxes to pay for the soldiers and administer charity to the poor

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

Sharia

Islamic legal code that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

People of the Book

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god

Madrasa

A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science

Harem

"Forbidden"; symbol of prestige in men, how many women will sleep with you

Ibn Sima

Compiled Roman medical thought, figured out tuberculosis was contagious, found tons of medicine, understood a ton of bacteria

Medicine in the Islamic world

Baghdad was the capital of medicine for a while. Found new way to cartarize wounds, figured out which water to drink, tons of innovation

Innovations in math islam

Drew ideas of decimal point and zero from India and developed algebra

Society in Islam

Cosmopolitan society, tons of social mobility, Great literacy (20% of adult males), tolerance for other religions, womens lack of status

Corpus Juris Civilis

New code of the Roman Law decided by Justinian of Byzantine to fix greyed out areas

Emperor Justinian

Leader of the Byzantine Empire that helped in its revival of Romans laws and practices

Eastern and Western

East and west of Byzantine divided into two rulings. Pope is more powerful than leaders in the west and followed, but ignored in the east. In the East groups of scholars and bishops and the emperor come together to decide things. East = Orthodox Christian. West = Catholic

Christian Church

Formed fully after Rome was declared holy under Charlemagne

Charlemagne

Smart illiterate man who was very large. King of the franks and was in the Carolingian Dynasty. Partnered with the pope to make Rome holy and Christian. Enslaved Slavic people

Slavic people

A group of peoples in eastern Europe and Russia who speak Slavic languages, enslaved by Charlemagne

Treaty of Verdun

agreement which divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts all ruled by his sons after his death

Aegean Sea

A body of water by Mediterranean Sea that touches the borders of Greece & Asia Minor. It also has many islands in it, including Crete.

Caspian Sea

A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia

Black Sea

a sea between Europe and Asia

Bay of Biscay

Part of Atlantic, bordered west coast of France, north coast of Spain

Red Sea

This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.

Athens

the capital and largest city of Greece

Rome

Capital of Italy

Carthage

Developing from a Phoenician colony into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire, The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Alexandria

City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization