Unit two APHG vocab

Demography

the study of population

Zero Point Growth (ZPG)

When a country reaches replacement level fertility

Ecumene

The portion of earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Baby boomers

People born from 1946 to 1964 during the post-World War II uptick in birth rate.

Generation Z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century

arable land

Land that can be farmed

epidemiological Transition theory

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

Intervening obstacles

a  difficulty that prevents people from completing a planned migration

Metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents

Crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate

the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

physiological density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land

Degenerative disease

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke

Demographic transition model (DTM)

Conceptualizes how crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

Dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population, that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

Total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing (fecund) years

Population pyramid

a graph of the population of an area by age and sex - when a population is growing it takes a pyramid shape, hence the name

Developed (or industrialized) country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

Pro-natalist policies

when a country provides incentives for people to have more  children

Crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of live births per one thousand people in the population

Boserup effect

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

Population density (Arithmetic density)

the total number of people divided by the total land area

Women’s empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

Replacement level fertility

when a population is neither growing or shrinking but staying about the same (an NIR of 0 or TFR of 2.1),

Carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

Neo-Malthusians

People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population

Anti-natalist policies

when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children (sometimes including punishments)

Migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

Chain migration

The process by which some people's migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place

Megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents

Doubling time

the time period it takes for a population to double in size

Population clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

Population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth's surface

Brain drain

when the majority of educated or skilled workers leave an area to pursue better opportunities elsewhere

Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either "of or relating to Malthus's theory" or "a follower of Malthus"

Emigration / out-migration / Exmigration

leaving an area as part of a permanent move (in common language, this word has blended into immigration which includes both)

Guest worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Push factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

Immigration or in-migration

coming into an area as part of a permanent move (in common language this combines the terms immigration and emigration)