Germany Hitler

Thousand Year Reich

Hitler's political vision for a great German empire composed of pure-bred Aryans

NSDAP/ Nazis

The National Socialist Workers Party, a fascist party which was ruled by Hitler by 1920 and controlled Germany after the 1932 Reichstag elections.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Stabubergabe

"passing of the baton" described as one of the reasons that the nazis rose to power, because of the "handover of power"

AJP Taylor

"If there had been a strong democratic sentiment in Germany, Hitler would never have come to power."

Ian Kershaw

STRUCTURALIST: Believes that Nazis weren't clear party for takeover but rather part of an unstable bloc of parties.

Revisionism

The desire to alter the terms of what was perceived as the unjust treaty settlement after the First World War.

Revanchism

desire for revenge

vested interest

groups or individuals with an interest resisting changes they felt would be to their disavantage

Pragmatism

A willingness to be flexible and adapt to circumstances instead of sticking rigidly to principles

Millenarianism

the promise of a future prosperity under the regime

November Revolution of 1918

Kaiser abdicates and Weimar Republic is founded.

Philip Scheidemann

First Chancellor of the Weimar Republic

Sparcist Uprising

Peter Gay

Germans didn't understand democracy when the Weimar republic offered it to them.

Versallies Treaty

a treaty that violated the Fourteen Points, Germans first refused to sign it, but gave in

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

Hans Weigel

"Germany lost an empire, we lost a world" -referring to Austria

Friedrich Ebert

head of German Social Democratic Party; announced the creation of a democratic republic for Germany

The Kapp Putsch (right wing uprising)

- By 1920 Ebert's gov was struggling to control the freikorps

- Ebert wanted to disband them and out of fear of unemployment 5000 marched on Berlin

- 4 days later Kapp realised he couldn't govern and fled, was caught and died in prison

Article 17

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 48

The Article of the Weimar Republic's constitution that allowed Hitler to seize control of the government after the Reichstag fire on Feb. 27, 1933.

Reichstag Fire

February, 1933; the Reichstag was set on Fire by a secret order of Joesef Goebbels; called a communist plot;Hitler convinced president Hindenburg to suspend all civil rights for Communists, socialists, liberals, and trade unionists

Vernunftrepublikaner

Republicans not from convition but from necessity. For example, because of the lack of practical alternatives at that time.

Munich Putsch

8th November 1923

The economic Crisis of 1923

Severe financial instability affecting Germany post-WWI.-resulted in Hyperinflation

Ruhr

Germany's chief industrial and mining center

Economic Crisis 1929

provided a basis for growth and support of totalitarian and authoritarian states.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Hitler

"All great movements are popular sentiments, volcanic eruptions of human passions and emotional sentiments =, stirred either by the cruel Goddess of Distress or by the firebrand of the world hurled amongst the masses.."

Frank McDonough

"Hitler's utopian dream could only have prospered in the dark of a very black night"

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Landsberg Prison

Where Hitler was sentenced to 5 years of prison after trying to overthrow the government in Munich. He ended up only serving 9 months after writing a book to change peoples minds about him.

The Golden Age

A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace.

Lorcarno Pact

1925

-agreement between FIGBE where Germany reduced border

-allies agreed to permenant dimiliterised of Rhineland (led to improvement of relations between F and G)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Gustav Stressemann (1923-29)

chancellor for 3 months then foreign minister 1923-1929

Young Plan

(1929) Schedule that set limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr.

Wall Street Crash

29th October 1929

Hindenburg

President of Germany who died and was replaced by Hitler

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Heinrich Bruning

The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree

Nazi propaganda

posters, movies, books meant to perpetuate the idea of an Aryan nation and that Jews were to blame

Bracher

"hitler made his way into the goverment.. through the authoritarian gap in the weimar constitution..(i.e.the missuse of article 48)"

Von Papen

German chancellor under president von Hindenburg after Bruning

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

Marxist

People who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political system

Fuhrer

Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany.

Hugenburg

Was a Nazi supported who owned film studios which he used to support Nazi ideas

David Schoenbaum

"the jail born reflections of a frustrated revolutionary" - describing Mein Kampf

Roger Griffin

By transforming feelings of desperation to those of hope Germany was able to rebuild.

Machtergreifung (seizure of power)

it is the word used to describe the appointment of hitler as chancellor in jan 1933

Reichstag Fire

27th February 1933

KPD

German Communist Party

Van De Lubbe

Dutch Communist convicted and executed for setting fire to the Reichstag.

Rauschning

"the Reichstag fire gave me the opportunity to intervene and I shall intervene"

march 1933 election results

despite everything the nazis failed to get a majority and only got 44% or 288 seats. they formed a coalition with the national party ensuring a majority. hitler however was disappointed he wanted 2/3 of the reichstag to suspend the constitution.

Propaganda Campaign

Hitler Youth, Triumph of the Will, Mein Kampf, radio and poster, only way fascism can succeed is through this

The enabling act

enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament

SPD

(Social Democratic Party of Germany) Founded during the latter part of the 19th century, it was Germany's largest party until 1932. Its strength was based in the growing industrial working class.

The purge of Civil Service

April 1933

Gleichschaltung

Hitler's technique of using Nazi-controlled associations, clubs, and organizations to coordinate his revolutionary activities.

The abolition of trade unions and political parties

All political parties were abolished apart from the Nazi Party

the night of long knives

30th June 1934. Nazi purge of Ernst Rohm and the SA - who were planning to overthrow hitler

Berliners joked about SA calling them....

Beefsteaks

Hindenburg's death

10th of august 1934

demonization

portraying someone or something as evil (in this case jews)

November Criminals

term coined by the likes of Hitler to identify those associated with signing the Versailles Treaty

Mussolini's March on Rome

Hitler modelled this in his beerhall putsch

Abuse of the democratic system

Hitler made everyone seem like he was making decision based on their say but he wasn't.

Diktat

The German term for the Treaty of Versailles which they were forced to sign without being allowed to negotiate any of the details. This was an important factor in the anti-Versailles resentment of later years.

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Opportunism

the practice of taking advantage of opportunities as they arise without particular concern for morality or ethics

Bribery

when someone voluntarily offers payment to get an illegal advantage

Abwehr

the intelligence service of the germs foreign office

Operation Valkyrie

Attempt to assassinate Hitler in july 1944, Stauffenberg wanted power over Germany.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Volksempfanger

Also known as the 'People's receiver'. They were sold cheaply but had limited range which prevented people to listen to foreign broadcasts. 25% ownership in 1932 to over 70% by 1939.

Weltanschanuung

A particular Philosophy or view of life of an individual or group

Triumph of the will

This Nazi propaganda film was created in 1936 by Leni Riefenstahl to show the might of the Nazi party at a rally in Nuremberg.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Will Brandt

After becoming Chancellor of West Germany in 1969, he pursued a policy of Ostpolitik - seeking rapprochement with the East and forging for Germany closer ties with the rest of Europe.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 and lived to see Germany reunited in 1990.

Kershaw

"Hitler provided the essential goals and was the unifier, activator, and enabler of the Third Reich"

Meaculpism

a feeling of guilt or responsibility for past actions provoking German nationalism and bitterness due to the "unjust suffering" inflicted on Germany in 1919 at Versailles

Four Year Plan

The plan created by the Nazis in 1936 that served to improve the economy and infrastructure of Germany with the goal of making the country ready for war in four years.

Hjalmar Schacht

Key minister of economics created new currency to save Germany and devised four year economic plan

RAD

state labour service- meant more infrastructure in gernamy and was compulsory from the age of 19 and 25

DAF

German Labour Front

intentionalism

Historian who argue that Hitler encouraged deliberate chaos in the National Socialist state in order to creat competing powers centre that would allow him to be the final Arbiter

Structuralist

People who stress the nature of development of the NSDAP that moved rapidly form an opposition party to the party of administration

New Order

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."