Stats Chap 1

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24 Terms

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Census

A process by which every member of a population is studied.

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Sample survey

A method of data collection where a part of the population is examined to infer about the whole population.

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Experiment

An investigation where treatments are applied to units to observe their effects on outcomes.

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Observational study

A study where no treatments are assigned, and conditions are naturally occurring.

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Sampling Frame

The list of all members of a population from which the sample is taken.

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Random Sample

Each member of the population is equally likely to be included in the sample.

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Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A sample chosen so that every possible sample of a given size has an equal chance of being selected.

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Systematic Sample

A sample in which members are chosen according to a specified pattern.

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Stratified Random Sample

A sample where subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

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Cluster Sample

A sample where the population is divided into clusters, and entire clusters are randomly selected.

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Sampling Bias

When the technique used to obtain the sample results in a sample that does not represent the population.

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Undercoverage

Occurs when some parts of the population are systematically excluded from the sampling.

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Non-Response Bias

Bias that can occur when respondents choose not to respond to a survey.

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Response Bias

Bias resulting from respondents not providing truthful or accurate answers.

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Placebo

A dummy treatment that is used to isolate the genuine effect of a treatment in an experiment.

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Single-blind

An experimental design in which the participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or a placebo.

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Double-blind

An experimental design in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the treatment or placebo.

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Completely Randomized Design

An experimental design where subjects are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups.

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Matched Pair Design

An experimental design where experimental units are paired based on a shared characteristic.

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Block Design

An experimental design where subjects are grouped into similar units, then treatments are randomly assigned within each block.

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Nominal level of measurement

A variable level where values are used to name or categorize without implying any order.

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Ordinal level of measurement

A variable level that allows for values to be ordered or ranked.

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Interval level of measurement

A variable level where differences between values have meaning, but zero does not mean absence.

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Ratio level of measurement

A variable level that allows for meaningful ratios and where a value of zero indicates absence of quantity.