Systems Physiology Concept Checks Module 3

Which one of these indicates pressure exerted by the proteins in the blood that "sucks" water into the capillary?

a. Hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space

b. Net filtration pressure

c. Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

d. Glomerular filtration rate

e. Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

c. Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

Select the statement that does NOT explain the high pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

a. The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole

b. The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher than the afferent arteriole

c. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole

d. The flow of blood is reduced as blood reaches the efferent arteriole

b. The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher than the afferent arteriole

Which of these will contribute to a higher filtrate rate in the glomerular capillaries?

a. The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is porous

b. The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated

c. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole

d. All of these are correct

d. All of these are correct

Which of these is the main force that pushes water and solutes out of blood across the filtration membrane?

a. the size of the pores of the capillaries

b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

c. ionic electrochemical gradient

d. protein-regulated diffusion

b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

What would happen if you slightly increased the capsular hydrostatic pressure?

a. There would be compensation of the capsular osmotic pressure so that filtration would not change

b. Net filtration would decrease

c. Net filtration would increase above normal

d. Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure

b. Net filtration would decrease

Constriction of the ___________ would decrease hydrostatic pressure in the ___________

a. afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

b. efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

c. efferent arterioles; Bowman's capsule

d. renal vein; peritubular capillaries

e. efferent arterioles; peritubular capillaries

a. afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

Which one of these describes the composition of the filtrate?

a. It is identical to urine, but with a smaller flow rate

b. It is identical to blood plasma, but with no erythrocytes

c. It is similar to plasma, but with no plasma proteins

d. It is similar to plasma, but with no glucose

e. It is identical to urine, but with a larger flow rate

c. It is similar to plasma, but with no plasma proteins

Which of these would reduce filtration pressure in the glomerulus?

a. dilation of the afferent arterioles

b. constriction of the afferent arterioles

c. decreased capsule pressure

d. decreased plasma protein in the glomerulus

b. constriction of the afferent arterioles

If the glomerular capillary pressure of a nephron is 65 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space is 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

a. 65 mm Hg

b. 20 mm Hg

c. 15 mm Hg

d. 30 mm Hg

e. 110 mm Hg

b. 20 mm Hg

What would the presence of protein, such as albumin in the urine indicate?

a. high levels of transcription and translation taken place in the body

b. too much protein in the diet

c. damage to the renal tubules

d. damage to the filtration membrane

d. damage to the filtration membrane

Which of these drives the process of filtration?

a. solvent drag

b. blood hydrostatic pressure

c. renal pumping

d. blood osmotic pressure

b. blood hydrostatic pressure

The process for the production of a concentrated urine involves:

a. the secretion of ADH

b. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial that surrounds the collecting ducts

c. the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of the cells of the collecting duct

d. All of these answers are correct

d. All of these answers are correct

The filtration pressure at the glomerulus is:

a. blood hydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + interstitial fluid osmotic pressure)

b. capsular hydrostatic pressure + capsular osmotic pressure + blood hydrostatic pressure

c. blood hydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + capsular colloid osmotic pressure)

d. glomerular hydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + glomerular capillary osmotic pressure

e. (capsular hydrostatic pressure + capsular osmotic pressure) - blood hydrostatic pressure

d. glomerular hydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + glomerular capillary osmotic pressure

Which of these is responsible for filtering blood?

a. Peritubular capillaries

b. Vasa recta

c. Collecting duct

d. Glomerulus

e. Bowman's capsule

d. Glomerulus

Due to aldosterone, the kidneys produce

a. urine with a lower concentration of K+ ions

b. a larger volume of urine

c. urine with a lower concentration of Na+ ions

d. urine with a higher concentration of Na+ ions

e. urine with less glucose

c. urine with a lower concentration of Na+ ions

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would cause a(n) __________ of blood _____________

a. increase; sodium levels

b. decrease; pH

c. decrease; volume

d. increase; urea

b. decrease; pH

Which of these would reabsorb the most substances?

a. Ascending limb

b. Loop of Henle

c. PCT

d. Collecting duct

e. Bowman's capsule

c. PCT

An increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) __________ of blood ____________

a. decrease; pH

b. increase; Ca2+ levels

c. increase; sodium

d. decrease; volume

e. increase; potassium

c. increase; sodium

Which of these filtrate can be normally found in the PCT?

a. H+

b. Urea

c. H20

d. Nutrients

e. All of these answers are correct

e. All of these answers are correct

Blood osmotic pressure in the nephron is generated by:

a. filtrate in the capsular space

b. blood pressure

c. constriction of the efferent arteriole

d. presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma

d. presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma

The collecting ducts are _________ to water when _________ is present.

a. permeable; ADH

b. impermeable; ADH

c. permeable; aldosterone

d. impermeable; aldosterone

a. permeable; ADH

Which of these is NOT correct?

a. The kidneys produce a small volume of concentration urine when dehydrated

b. The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced

c. The kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when overhydrated

d. Urine concentration and volume are determined by countercurrent mechanisms

b. The concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced

Where would most of the nutrients be absorbed?

a. Nephron loop

b. Glomerular capsule

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

d. Distal convoluted tubule

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

Which of these is the Na+ monitoring cell of the nephron?

a. vasa recta

b. nephron loop

c. macula densa

d. principal cell

c. macula densa

Increased aldosterone would cause:

a. decreased reabsorption of Cl-

b. increased permeability of the DCT to water

c. increased reabsorption of Na+

d. decreased blood volume

c. increased reabsorption of Na+

In the case of hyperglycemia, it is possible for glucose to spill over into the urine, due to:

a. it exceeding its transport maximum

b. it been cleared from the blood

c. it been secreted

d. it been filtered and secreted

a. it exceeding its transport maximum

A high level of K+ will stiumulate aldosterone secretion, how?

a. Aldosterone stimulates the Na+-K+ pump to reabsorb Na+ while also secreting K+

b. Aldosterone stimulates K+ secretion at K+-specific pumps

c. Aldosterone stimulates the Na+K+ pump to secrete Na+ while also reabsorbing K+

d. Increased levels of K+ accompany high levels of Na+

a. Aldosterone stimulates the Na+-K+ pump to reabsorb Na+ while also secreting K+

Which of these processes of urine production is the active transport of solutes into the filtrate?

a. tubular reabsorption

b. filtration fraction

c. filtration

d. tubular secretion

d. tubular secretion

Which of these plays an important role in regulating the blood pH during urine formation?

a. Secretion

b. Reabsorption

c. Filtration

d. all of these are correct

a. Secretion

Which of these would you NOT find in a normal filtrate?

a. Glucose

b. Potassium

c. Albumin

d. Urea

c. Albumin

The sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can cause all these EXCEPT:

a. produce renal ischemia

b. increase the GFR

c. trigger renin release

d. produce vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

b. increase the GFR

As discussed in class: a drug such as an ACE-I (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) may lead to:

a. increased urinary loss of Na+

b. decreased Na+ reabsorption

c. less secretion of aldosterone

d. All of these are correct

e. reduction of blood pressure

d. All of these are correct

In hyperemesis gravidarum which causes some pregnant women to exhibit excessive and prolonged vomiting, this could result in:

a. respiratory acidosis

b. metabolic acidosis

c. metablic alkalosis

d. respiratory alkalosis

c. metablic alkalosis

Mauricio has an illness that is causing him to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

a. Increased renin secretion

b. Increased loss of Na+ in the urine

c. Increased respiratory rate and depth

d. Hypoventilation

c. Increased respiratory rate and depth

You are reviewing a blood analysis which indicates a low pH. Even though the patient is also breathing rapidly, the patient does not have any known respiratory disorders. Which of these is most likely to be true?

a. Metabolic acidosis

b. Respiratory acidosis

c. Metabolic alkalosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis

a. Metabolic acidosis

In the case of aspirin overdose which resulted in excess H+ ion, the best way to eliminate it from the body is:

a. through feces

b. through buffers

c. through sweating

d. through the kidneys

d. through the kidneys

How does Angiotensin II produced an increase in ECF volume?

a. By stimulating the kidneys to conserve Na+

b. By stimulating thirst

c. By causing the release of ADH

d. By triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone

e. All of these are correct

e. All of these are correct

One of the ways to raise blood pressure is to:

a. increase the secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

b. increase release of angiotensin II by the adrenal glands

c. decrease the secretion of aldosterone

d. increase filtration into the Bowman's capsule

a. increase the secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Which of these is NOT a trigger for the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin?

a. increased extracellular fluid water levels

b. decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

c. sympathetic stimulation

d. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles

a. increased extracellular fluid water levels

If you consume a meal high in salt, this would happen:

hypotension

a. a drastic increase in the osmolarity of the blood

b. activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism

c. decrease thirst

d. a temporary increase in blood volume

d. a temporary increase in blood volume

Which one of these is NOT a function of the stomach?

a. food is broken down mechanically

b. protein digestion is initiated

c. denaturation of proteins

d. storing of ingested food

e. triglycerides is absorbed

e. triglycerides is absorbed

As discussed in lecture: a disease such as hepatitis would severely affect the digestion of:

a. proteins

b. lipids

c. amino acids

d. carbohydrates

b. lipids

Which of these is NOT a function of the low pH in the stomach?

a. Stomach acid denatures making it more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes

b. Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it.

c. The stomach's acid breaks down all macromolecules in preparation for absorption

d. Harmful bacteria will be prevented from entering the small intestine

c. The stomach's acid breaks down all macromolecules in preparation for absorption

Which of these statements is NOT TRUE about the enterohepatic circulation?

a. Reabsorption of bile salts will reduce the need to make new bile salts

b. Reabsorption of bile in the ileum gives it more time to emulsify lipid and aid in their absorption

c. The reabsorption of bile salts allows them to be reused within new bile

d. All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation

d. All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation

You have just eaten a slice of bread. Which of these will help to digest it?

a. Bile

b. Gastrin

c. Amylase

d. Pepsin

c. Amylase

All of these are true about the intestinal phase EXCEPT:

a. It functions to control the rate of gastric emptying

b. It begins when chyme enters the small intestine

c. It precedes the gastric phase

d. It involves both neural and endocrine reflexes

c. It precedes the gastric phase

Which one of these would trigger gastric secretion?

a. Secretin will inhibit parietal cells

b. The stomach responds to distention

c. The production of gastric juice slows down

d. There is an increased production of gastric juice

d. There is an increased production of gastric juice

Which of these is NOT a function of CCK?

a. open the hepatopancreatic sphincter

b. stimulate gallbladder to release bile

c. increase production of pancreatic juice

d. increase production of stomach acid

d. increase production of stomach acid

Which of these is INCORRECT about bile?

a. Bile carries the bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs

b. Bile emulsifies fats

c. Bile is an enzyme needed for digestion

d. Bile is a digestive secretion

c. Bile is an enzyme needed for digestion

In general, secretin and CCK will

a. increase the force of stomach contractions

b. decrease the activities of the accessory digestive organs

c. increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

d. increase stomach emptying

c. increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

Which one of these would decrease the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?

a. vasa recta

b. afferent arterioles

c. renal veins

d. efferent arterioles

b. afferent arterioles

This is why we do not call the filtrate in the PCT "urine", because it normally contains:

a. H+ ions

b. water

c. urea

d. All of the answers are correct

e. nutrients

d. All of the answers are correct

The kidneys would respond to hypoventilation by:

a. decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

b. decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

c. increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

d. increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

c. increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

A patient is excreting a large volume of very dilute urine on a continued basis. This is due to:

a. excessive ADH secretion

b. absence of ADH

c. dilation of the afferent arterioles

d. overproduction of aldosterone

b. absence of ADH

The production of concentrated urine involves:

a. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells

b. All of these are correct

c. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts

d. the secretion of ADH

b. All of these are correct

If the angiotensin converting enzyme is absent, this would:

will not have any effect on blood pressure

a. None of these are correct

b. decrease blood pressure

c. increase blood pressure

d. All of these are correct

b. decrease blood pressure

A certain drug blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal resulting in:

a. a higher pH during gastric digestion

b. decreased gastrin production

c. a lower pH during gastric digestion

d. increased protein digestion in the stomach

a. a higher pH during gastric digestion

You are an EMT and arrived at the location where a victim has overdosed on opioid. The victim is breathing extremely slowly and shallow. Upon arrival at the ER, the medical team is looking out for signs of:

a. respiratory alkalosis

b. respiratory acidosis

c. metabolic alkalosis

d. metabolic acidosis

b. respiratory acidosis

Your patient is explaining to you that they have just been diagnosed with anemia. This anemia is caused by the digestive system, but the patient cannot remember what digestive secretion is to blame for the anemia. Which of these is responsible?

a. Bile

b. Lipase

c. HCl

d. Amylase

e. Intrinsic factor

e. Intrinsic factor

Which of these is TRUE?

a. Reabsorption of Na+ from the PCT occurs as a result of water reabsorption

b. Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate

c. Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the PCT

d. Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron

b. Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate

What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?

a. capsular hydrostatic pressure

b. the osmotic pressure of the blood

c. hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole

d. hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole

c. hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole

Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?

a. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.

b. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.

c. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.

d. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole.

a. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.

Sandy has been diagnosed with a gastric ulcer. David has been diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. Both of them:

a. will be treated with medications that inhibit acid secretion

b. will undergo removal of their gallbladder

c. will be treated with medications that inhibit digestive enzymes

d. are caused by hyperesecretion of gastric ulcer

a. will be treated with medications that inhibit acid secretion

Which of these is most likely to develop an ulcer due to exposure to gastric juice?

a. cecum

b. Jejunum

c. Duodenum

d. Pylorus

e. ileum

c. Duodenum

Which of these would occur upon arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum?

a. Blood levels of gastrin would decrease

b. Liver would release enzymes for chemical digestion

c. Blood levels of CCK would decrease

d. Blood levels of secretin would increase

d. Blood levels of secretin would increase

In terms of lipid absorption, this is NOT true:

a. The cells in the small intestine require the presence of lipoprotein lipase to absorb micelles effectively

b. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed passively by diffusion

c. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are packaged with proteins to form chylomicrons

d. Products of lipid digestion are transported by the lymphatic system to the blood

b. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed passively by diffusion

Which of these statements is FALSE?

a. Pancreatic lipase digests fats

b. Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates

c. All proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form

d. Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form

c. All proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form

Which of these is true about glucose absorption?

a. All of these are correct

b. Cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the cell

c. The Na+-K+ pump in the basolateral membrane of the cell

d. Higher Na+ concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell

a. All of these are correct

Choose the correct statement about lactose intolerance.

a. The enzyme maltase can also digest lactose

b. The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase

c. The stomach produces insufficient amounts of lactase

d. The person cannot digest any monosaccharide

b. The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase

Which of these is TRUE about lipid digestion and absorption?

a. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which then stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes

b. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of gastrin, which then stimulates bile synthesis in the gallbladder

c. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates emptying of the stomach

d. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin, which then stimulates the contraction of the gallbladde

a. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which then stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Which of these is TRUE about segmentation of the small intestine?

a. are peristaltic movements that move undigestable contents out the small intestine between meals

b. All of these are correct

c. mixes chyme with digestive enzymes, and brings food molecules near the wall for absorption, and slowly moves the small intestine contents toward the cecum

d. its main function is to prevent any forward movement of chyme, so that all digestion and absorption is complete before undigestable contents move into the jejunum

c. mixes chyme with digestive enzymes, and brings food molecules near the wall for absorption, and slowly moves the small intestine contents toward the cecum

Circular folds and intestinal villi:

a. carry digestive products that does not pass through the capillary walls

b. will increase the surface are of the small intestine

c. secrete digestive enzymes

d. produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine

e. produce hormones

b. will increase the surface are of the small intestine

Which of the following is a stimulus for thirst?

a. Salivation

b. Decreased plasma volume

c. Decreased ECF osmolarity

d. Sensation of thirst

b. Decreased plasma volume

Which one of these is the basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

a. Spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, while oogenesis only involves meiosis

b. two more polar bodies are produced during spermatogenesis

c. one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell in oogenesis, while four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis

d. the mature ovum is a haploid, while the sperm is a diploid

c. one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell in oogenesis, while four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis

The dominant follicle in the ovarian cycle:

a. continues to grow beyond day 7 of the cycle, while the other developing follicles degenerate

b. undergoes apoptosis

c. ruptures during ovulation on day 21 of the cycle

d. undergoes atresia

e. is selected on day on day 1 of the cycle, and no other follicles develop after that day

a. continues to grow beyond day 7 of the cycle, while the other developing follicles degenerate

Which of these is TRUE about oogenesis?

a. After puberty, a female has a renewing source of oogonia

b. The oocyte matures at ovulation

c. Primary oocytes pause their development at metaphase II until puberty

d. Oogonia complete their mitotic divisions before birth

d. Oogonia complete their mitotic divisions before birth

When would menstruation occur?

a. When the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increases

b. When the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decreases

c. When the corpus luteum secretes esterogen

d. When the blood levels of FSH decreases

e. When the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decreases

b. When the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decreases

Which of these is correct about the uterine cycle?

a. The levels of progesterone increases as the follicle produces more hormone during the proliferative phase

b. The menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8

c. Estrogen levels are at their highest during the secretory phase

d. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the embryo

d. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the embryo

This occurs immediately after ovulation:

a. The secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland are enhanced

b. The corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans

c. The corpus luteum secretes only estrogen

d. The endometrium will enter its secretory phase

d. The endometrium will enter its secretory phase

All of these are true about the uterine cycle EXCEPT:

a. there's a decrease in the levels of estrogen and progesterone which signals menstruation

b. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the uterine cycle

c. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

d. FSH and LH directly promote the development of the endometrium

d. FSH and LH directly promote the development of the endometrium

Which of these is TRUE about how ovarian follicles mature?

a. Follicle maturation occurs when FSH binds to theca cells and LH binds to the granulosa cells

b. The granulosa cells produce androgens, which further stimulates follicle maturation

c. The theca cells produce estrogen, which is then converted to androgens, which further stimulates follicle maturation

d. The growing follicles produce estrogen which further stimulates follicle maturation

d. The growing follicles produce estrogen which further stimulates follicle maturation

In the ovarian cycle, where would progesterone be the highest?

a. just before ovulation

b. during the menstrual phase

c. just after ovulation

d. late in the postovulatory phase

d. late in the postovulatory phase

The typical oral contraceptive pill, usually contains an estrogen and progesterone , or a synthetic form of the hormone. The combination of progesterone and estrogen circulating in the blood functions by:

a. creating an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide

b. causing a thickening of the cervical mucus that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg

c. causing the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, thereby preventing ovulation

d. preventing the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle so that the embryo will have no place to implant

c. causing the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, thereby preventing ovulation

Which one of these is NOT a function of the stomach?

a. food is broken down mechanically

b. protein digestion is initiated

c. denaturation of proteins

d. storing of ingested food

e. triglycerides is absorbed

e.triglycerides is absorbed

As discussed in lecture: a disease such as hepatitis would severely affect the digestion of:

a. proteins

b. lipids

c. amino acids

d. carbohydrates

b. lipids

Which of these is NOT a function of the low pH in the stomach?

a. Stomach acid denatures making it more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes

b. Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it.

c. The stomach's acid breaks down all macromolecules in preparation for absorption

d. Harmful bacteria will be prevented from entering the small intestine

c. The stomach's acid breaks down all macromolecules in preparation for absorption

Which of these statements is NOT TRUE about the enterohepatic circulation?

a. Reabsorption of bile salts will reduce the need to make new bile salts

b. Reabsorption of bile in the ileum gives it more time to emulsify lipid and aid in their absorption

c. The reabsorption of bile salts allows them to be reused within new bile

d. All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation

d. All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation

You have just eaten a slice of bread. Which of these will help to digest it?

a. Bile

b. Gastrin

c. Amylase

d. Pepsin

c. Amylase

All of these are true about the intestinal phase EXCEPT:

a. It functions to control the rate of gastric emptying

b. It begins when chyme enters the small intestine

c. It precedes the gastric phase

d. It involves both neural and endocrine reflexes

c. It precedes the gastric phase

Which one of these would trigger gastric secretion?

a. Secretin will inhibit parietal cells

b. The stomach responds to distention

c. There is an increased production of gastric juice

d. The production of gastric juice slows down

c. There is an increased production of gastric juice

Which of these is NOT a function of CCK?

a. open the hepatopancreatic sphincter

b. stimulate gallbladder to release bile

c. increase production of pancreatic juice

d. increase production of stomach acid

d. increase production of stomach acid

Which of these is INCORRECT about bile?

a. Bile carries the bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs

b. Bile emulsifies fats

c. Bile is an enzyme needed for digestion

d. Bile is a digestive secretion

c. Bile is an enzyme needed for digestion

In general, secretin and CCK will

a. increase the force of stomach contractions

b. decrease the activities of the accessory digestive organs

c. increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

d. increase stomach emptying

c. increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

Which one of these would decrease the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?

a. vasa recta

b. afferent arterioles

c. renal veins

d. efferent arterioles

b. afferent arterioles

This is why we do not call the filtrate in the PCT "urine", because it normally contains:

a. H+ ions

b. water

c. urea

d. All of the answers are correct

e. nutrients

d. All of the answers are correct

The kidneys would respond to hypoventilation by:

a. decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

b. decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

c. increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

d. increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

c. increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

A patient is excreting a large volume of very dilute urine on a continued basis. This is due to:

a. excessive ADH secretion

b. absence of ADH

c. dilation of the afferent arterioles

d. overproduction of aldosterone

b. absence of ADH

The production of concentrated urine involves:

a. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells

b. All of these are correct

c. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts

d. the secretion of ADH

b. All of these are correct

If the angiotensin converting enzyme is absent, this would:

a. will not have any effect on blood pressure

b. None of these are correct

c. decrease blood pressure

d. increase blood pressure

e. All of these are correct

c. decrease blood pressure

A certain drug blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal resulting in:

a. a higher pH during gastric digestion

b. decreased gastrin production

c. a lower pH during gastric digestion

d. increased protein digestion in the stomach

a. a higher pH during gastric digestion