Fundamental Biomolecules

this is fucking chemistry??

What are the 6 essential elements that are used a lot in the human body?

C, H, O, N, P, S

What is significant of the element Iron?

carries oxygen from lungs to tissues and muscles via hemoglobin in red blood cells

What is significant of the element Potassium? (3)

-required for normal cell function

-maintains intracellular fluid volume

-blood pressure regulation

What is significant of the element Calcium? (2)

-maintain strong bones and teeth

-muscle contraction

What is significant of the element sodium? (4)

-maintains cellular homeostasis

-blood pressure regulation

-osmosis in extracellular fluid

-electrolyte balance

What is significant of the element zinc? (3)

-immune system function

-healing

-hormone production

What is significant of the element magnesium? (2)

-muscle and nerve function

-healthy immune system

What is significant of the element iodine? (2)

-thyroid hormones

-regulate metabolism

What is significant of the element lithium?

mood stabilizer

What is significant of the element chlorine? (2)

-digestion

-regulate blood pressure

What is significant of the element bromine?

tissue development

What is significant of the element fluoride? (2)

-prevents tooth decay

-stimulates new bone growth

What is significant of the element copper? (2)

-form red blood cells

-brain function

What is significant of the element cobalt? (2)

-cellular metabolism

-DNA repair and synthesis

What is significant of the element nickel? (3)

-iron absorption

-glucose metabolism

-cell growth/repair

What is significant of the element manganese? (2)

-blood clotting

-immune responses

What is significant of the element chromium?

improves insulin effect

What is significant of the element molybdenum? (2)

-breaking down toxic substances

-processing proteins

What types of bonds make up a single bond?

1 sigma bond

What types of bonds make up a double bond?

1 sigma bond AND 1 pi bond

What types of bonds make up a triple bond?

1 sigma bond AND 2 pi bonds

What is the electronegativity difference in a nonpolar covalent bond?

<0.5

What is the electronegativity difference in a polar covalent bond?

0.5-1.7

What is the electronegativity difference in an ionic bond?

>0.7

Is a bond between carbon and hydrogen polar or nonpolar?

polar

Is a bond between carbon and carbon polar or nonpolar?

polar

Is a bond that includes N, O, or P more likely to be polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

In biochemistry, what three elements tend to form hybrid orbitals?

C, N, O

How do you determine hybridization?

-count the total number of bonds on the atom (double and triple bonds count as ONLY 1, do not consider the type of bond)

-lone pairs count as 1

What is the hybridization state of an atom with 1 group?

s

What is the hybridization state of an atom with 2 groups?

sp

What is the hybridization state of an atom with 3 groups?

sp²

What is the hybridization state of an atom with 4 groups?

sp³

What is the hybridization state of the carbon atom in this molecule?

sp

What is the hybridization state of the carbon atom in this molecule?

sp²