usually built for the convenience of an artist or producer
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Who invented the Tin Cylinder
phonograph
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Who invented the gramophone?
Emile Berliner in 1887
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Acoustic Era
1877-1925
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Electrical Era
1925-45 Microphones and amps helped balance the levels before and during the recording process
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Magnetic Era
1945-1975
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Jack Mullin
Discovered the modern magnetic tape recorder in Germany after WWII and gave it to Bing Crosby
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Bing Crosby
invested 50k in AMPEX
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Les Paul
Les Paul
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Les Paul also
created Multitrack tape through experimentation
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Sgt. Pepper Lonely Hearts Club Band
was recorded on 4 tracks with constant bouncing
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Digital Era
digital encoding led to new ways of recording
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Four things on the back of the computer?
ILOCK
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By the 90s studios began using
ADAT or recording digitally to S-VHS tapes or DAWS
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DAWs
an integrated computer-based
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Pro Tools Artist Kit
Records up to 32 audio
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Pro Tools Studio Kit
comes with plugin bundles
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Pro Tools Flex
Flex- can record 2048 audio tracks
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sound
periodic variations in atmospheric pressure called sound pressure waves
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What is sound comprised of
compressions(push) and rarefactions(pull) as the vibrations move in and out of their normal resting state creating chain rection as it moves through a medium
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properties of sound waves
frequency
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Amplitude
how loud or soft that sound wave is
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Frequency
The number of cycles per second.
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What type of frequencies have longer wave lengths
Low Frequencies
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The average level of a waveform
Root Mean Square
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Velocity is
the speed of sound
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Wavelength
can be measured by V/Frequency
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100 Hz is 100 cycles per second
is 100 cycles per second
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Phase
is the location or point within a sound wave cycle
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Polarity
the function of positive or negative state in relation to the original wave
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phase shift occurs when
two identical waveforms lag in time with each other. Two identical waves add 3db
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Out-of-phase waveforms
cancel each other out
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Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
the deviation from the normal atmospheric pressure given by a sound wave. Measured in Pascals
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How do we hear sound?
Sound waves hit your ear and vibrate your ear drum. The tiny bones in your middle ear are connected to the eardrum
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Overexposure to sound can cause
hearing loss by destroying the tiny hairs in your inner ear
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Conductive hearing loss
beyond my control like allergies colds wax buildup
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
permanent loss of hearing due to damage the inner ear
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temporary threshold shift
a temporary hearing loss after being exposed to loud noise that affects the functioning of the inner ear
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permanent threshold shift
permanent increase in a hearing threshold as a result of exposure to noise
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tinnitus
ringing in the ears
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Congress created OSHA in
1970
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NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) says you can expose at
85 dB for 8 hours
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sound intensity
how loud something sounds to you is not the same as the actual intensity of that sound. Every 10 dB increase in SPL the intensity rises by a factor of 10
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Loudness
In general when measuring loudness
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Humans have peak ear sensitivity at
2k Hz and 5k Hz
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Psychoacoustics
A recording may vary in frequency balance greatly when mixed at loud volumes and played back at softer volumes. Loudness can also affect our perception of pitch -i.e. Walking in a room and feeling louder as u approach the wall cause of the refelctions
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Acoustic Isolation
This prevents external noises from transmitting into the studio environment through the air
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symmetry
is optimal when creating a studio. centered around the listeners position
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Analog-to-Digitial Conversion
Using binary number system
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Sampling
the number of measurements that are taken periodically over the course of a second
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44.1hz =
sample time of 1/44
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Nyquist Theorem
In order to get the desired frequency bandwidth to be faithfully encoded in the digital domain
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Alias Tones
sometimes appear in the digital signal causing distortion (f5-f= alas tone: so 40k-30k=10k alias)
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Quantization
this represents the amplitude component of the digital sampling processConverted to binary numbers the resulting word is used to encode the original voltage level with a high degree of accuracy
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bit depth
The number of bits of information in each individual sample captured. The bit depth relates closely to the signal t noise ratio or available dynamic range of a digital medium
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Storage for 16bit/48khz
11.4 MB
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Work Clock
A main console that controls and times all other devices
Studied by 0 people
