chemistry ch 7

zeff

measure of the positive charges in the nucleus and the effect those charges have on the electron

inversely

wave length and frequency are _____ related

frequency

number of cycle per second that pass a certain point in space (Hz or 1/sec)

400-700 nm

visible wavelength spectrum

infrared

molecular vibration

microwave

molecular rotation

UV/visible

electronic transition

photoelectric effect

when light of a certain energy strikes a metal, electrons can be ejected from the metal

lower

lower energy = ____ frequency

higher

higher energy = ____ frequency

orbital

probability of finding an electron 90% of the time

spherical

s orbital shape

dumbell

p orbital shape

farther

energy levels get closer together as you move ____ from the nucleus

photoelectron spectra

high energy photons are directed at a sample and kinetic energy or ejected electron are measured

• used to compare energies of electrons in different orbitals

atomic radius

distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer boundary of the atom (valence electrons)

shielding

more core electrons soak up positive charge of the nucleus —> allows valence electrons to move farther from the nucleus

farther

adding energy levels as you move down means electrons are ____ from the nucleus

positive charge

increasing _______ of nucleus pulls valence electrons closer

ionization energy

energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase

shielding

Zeff decreases so it is easier to remove an electron (ionization energy)

harder

R decreases Fc increases, making it _____ to remove electrons (ionization energy)

higher

easier to remove electrons from orbitals ____ in energy

electron affinity

addition of an electron in the gas phase

electronegativity

ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond

smaller

cations are ___ than the parent

larger

anions are ____ than the parent

isoelectronic

same number of electrons

electron electron repulsion

any two particles with the same charge are going to repel each other

core

removing a ____ electron requires a lot of energy

less

electrons farther away from nucleus means it has ____ Coloumbic attraction

closer

a large binding energy means that electrons are ____ to the nucleus

group

same ____ means same chemical properties (due to same number of valence electrons)

electron electron repulsion

anions are larger than their atoms since adding electrons increases _____

zeff

cations have a higher ___:

smaller

cations are ____ than their atoms since you are removing valence electrons that are farther from the nucleus

Coulombs law

as the distance between the positive charges (nucleus) and the electrons increases the force of attraction will decrease