Motivation and Emotion - Psych Chapter 10

Intrinsic Motivation

arises from internal factors. Behaviors are performed because they bring a sense of personal satisfaction. (Autonomy, mastery, purpose)

Extrinisc Motivation

arises from external factors. Behaviors are performed to receive something from others. (Compensation, punishment, reward)

Overjustification Effect

Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given. (explanation of differences; type of reinforcement, tangible rewards appear to decrease intrinsic motivation, intangible rewards appear to increase motivation, expectation of extrinsic reward- intrinsic motivation is more likely to decrease if extrinsic reward is expected.)

Instinct Theory

William James proposed the instinct theory of motivation, asserting that behavior is driven by instincts (which aid survival). Proposed instincts include: a mother protecting her baby, the urge to lick sugar, and hunting prey. This theory received criticism for ignoring the role of learning in shaping human behavior.

Drive Theory

Proposed that the maintenance of homeostasis is important in directing behavior. Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs resulting in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and bring the system back to homeostasis. Emphasizes the role that habits play in behavioral responses: If a behavior successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behavior first.

Arousal Theory of Motivation

Arousal theories assert that there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain. Underaroused- become bored and seek stimulation. Overaroused- Engage in behaviors to reduce arousal.

Self-Efficacy

An individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task. Bandura’s social motives: theorized that self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behavior, argues that motivation derives from expectations held about the consequences of behaviors, beliefs about our abilities determine what we do, and the goals we set for ourselves.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Proposed a theory of motivation that spans the spectrum of motives, including biological, individual, and social. One must satisfy lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs.

Hunger

On an empty stomach, the stomach contracts, hunger pangs are activated, and secretions of chemical messages that travel to the brain as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. Low blood glucose causes the pancreas and liver to generate chemical signals that induce hunger,

Metabolic Rate

The amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time. Varies between individuals. People with higher metabolic rates burn off calories at a higher rate.

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by maintaining a low body weight through starvation and/or exercise. Characteristics: clinically significant level of being underweight, intense fear of gaining weight that does not subside with weight loss, and distorted body image. Health consequences can include: bone loss, kidney failure, amenorrhea (no period), and reduced gonad function.

Emotion

A subjective state of being that we often use to describe our feelings. Relatively intense and occurs in response to an experience, consciously experienced, and intentional.

Mood

Prolonged, less intense, affective state. Does not occur in response to something we experience, may not be consciously recognized or intentional.

James-Lange Theory

Emotions arise from physiological arousal. Seeing a snake causes the heart and respiration rate to increase, and thus the feeling of fear.

Canon-Bard Theroy

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently. See snake — physiological arousal and feel fear.

Primary Emotions

Universal emotions that emerge in early infancy (joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust)

Secondary Emotions

More complex and develop overtime (guilt, shame, pride, envy)

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Task performance is best when arousal levels are in a middle range, with difficult tasks best performed under lower levels of arousal and simple tasks best performed under higher levels of arousal.

Satiation

After eating, a feeling of fullness and satisfaction causes eating behavior to stop. An increase in blood glucose causes the pancreas and liver to send signals to suppress hunger. Food passes through the gastrointestinal tract and satiety signals (Leptin released by fat cells) are sent to the brain.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. Arousal is interpreted in context to the leading emotional experience. Believed physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotion, making cognitive assessment important.

Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge and purge disorder. Compensation includes vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise. Health consequences: kidney failure, heart failure, and tooth decay.

Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating without compensatory behavior, seen in bulimia nervosa. Characterizations: eating in secret, feeling disgust after binging. Dieters are 2 to 3 times more likely than non-dieters to develop BED over 5 years. Health consequences: overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, gallbladder disease, heart disease, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse.

Set-Point Theory

A physiological model that suggests that the human body has a predetermined weight range, known as the set point, that it actively tries to maintain.