exam 3

What is "Engagement"?

Losing track of time and becoming completely absorbed is an important piece of well-being. For example, running, playing music (e.g., playing piano), participating in a hobby (e.g., woodworking), or any activity where one becomes fully engaged

What is "Flow"?

Being immersed in and surrendering to an activity perceived as important; more likely when perception of skill level and challenge of task level are high

Why is gratitude important? How does it help?

the tendency to see all life as a gift" and has been "conceptualized as an emotion, an attitude, a moral virtue, a habit, a personality trait, and a coping response"; appears to be related to well-being, as happy people tend to be grateful people

What is biofeedback and neurofeedback? How are they different?

•1960s: Biofeedback: to “teach self-regulation of physiological processes” (Myers & Young, 2012, p. 21)

Neurofeedback, “…sometimes called biofeedback for the brain” (Russell-Chapin, 2016, p. 94) or EEG biofeedback

Neurofeedback is more specialized than biofeedback

What is neuroplasticity? Neurogenesis?

Neuroplasticity: ability for neural pathways to change

Neurogenesis: The brain’s ability to regrow damaged or lost neurons from stem cells

What are the focuses of “the build-what’s- strong” and “the fix-what’s-wrong” approaches?

Positive counselors believe clients have been conditioned to talk about their negative qualities. With a little bit of direction, they can attainment happiness, contentment, and joy

build-what’s strong: Shifting toward positive emotions, thoughts, and behaviors;

fix what’s wrong: the problem

What is acceptance? Absolute worth? Accurate empathy? Autonomy support? Affirmation?

Acceptance: One of the four components of the MI spirit, it consists of four components: absolute worth, accurate empathy, autonomy support, and affirmation

Absolute worth: A component of acceptance which is one of the four components of the MI spirit, absolute worth assumes there is inherent worth and potential in every person

Accurate Empathy: An aspect of acceptance which is one of the four modes of the MI spirit, accurate empathy is the ability to hear the content of what a person is describing and his or her feelings accurately—as if the listener is that person, without losing that "as if"
quality

Autonomy support: One of the four components of acceptance which is one of the four components of the MI spirit. here, the counselors do not tell clients what to do; instead, they create the environment that allows choices to naturally bubble up into the clients' confidence; such an environment reduces defensiveness and helps engender a positive climate that fosters "free will"

Affirmation: One of the four modes of acceptance which is one of the four modes of the MI spirit, affirmations are basic counseling skills that consists of acknowledging what the client did and making a positive statement concerning something the client has accomplished. Also, part of the acronym OARS

What are the assumptions about motivation that drive MI?

-Motivation is a key to change: Motivation is a complex construct that includes several factors, all of which can be important to the change process. Some include the individual's sense of self, biological factors, social factors, developmental issues, etc.

Motivation is multi-dimensional

Intrinsic motivation for change: Although clients can get caught up with ambivalence about change, there is an assumption that there is inner motivation for change.

Know each of the six dimensions of psychological well-being in Ryff’s Model. Know the details of what each one relates to.

1. Autonomy
2. Personal growth
3. Environmental mastery
4. Purpose of life
5. Positive relations
6. Self acceptance

What is the goal of Motivational Interviewing (MI)(See “View of Human Nature”)?

to increase clients' motivation for change and have them commit to the change process

Client finds own resources to realize ambivalence and change

What is attention? What are its two processes?

Attention is focusing on something?? feel like this would be straightforward

processes: arousal and focus

Why might behavior be emotionally driven until around age 24?

Major changes in the brain occur to the age of 24

Brain development is particularly active until age of 24 and very important in rational decision making

What is CASIO an acronym for?

C- changing their circumstances or situation by asking themselves, “What do I want?” and “How can I get it?” or “How can I change my behavior or the situation to make it better?”;

A- changing their attitude by getting all the facts, finding a better way to look at the problem, and seeing themselves survive and thrive eventually, even if the worst happens;

S- setting more realistic but challenging goals and standards for being satisfied in the area of concern;

I- emphasizing what is most important and controllable in the area; and

O- boosting satisfaction in other areas of life that they care about even though they are not areas of concern

What is “Change Talk”? What are the two types?

Change talk uses support and challenge and helps clients explore the possibility of change and encourages them to begin to identify plans to implement these changes

preparatory and mobilizing

What is “psychological flexibility?” What are its six components? What are their opposites? What does each one mean? Be ready to identify by examples.

Clients build psychological flexibility, which includes using mindfulness, acceptance, and what is called cognitive defusion (not being rigidly attached to our thoughts)

- Defusion (watch what you’re thinking) (opposite: cognitive fusion)

- Acceptance (open up) (opposite: experiential avoidance)

- Contact with the present moment (be here now) (opposite: stuck in past of future)

- Self-as-context (pure awareness) (opposite: attachment to a conceptualized self)

- Values (know what matters) (opposite: lack of clarity of values)

- Committed action (do what it takes) (opposite: unworkable action)

What is Diaphragmatic Breathing and what changes does it help the body make?

By engaging the diaphragm in full, deep breathes, increases the absorption rate of glucose and oxygen, improving overall well-being and reducing anxiety, as the brain mechanisms involved in calming and relaxing begin to engage

What is known as the drinker’s checkup?

Early in MI's conceptualization, Miller saw MI as a method to nudge potential patients into accepting help.

He eventually produced an approach delivered to patients in one session known as The Drinker’s Check-Up

What is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and how is it used?

Used mostly to treat traumas

Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model: neural pathways in the amygdala and hippocampus store traumatic memories which become trapped and not integrated within the wider adaptive memory network

When a situation triggers this trapped memory, the memory becomes present, as if it is occurring now with all of the physical, emotional, and perceptual experiences it originally had

Through the use of bilateral dual attention stimulation, such as eye movement or the use of taps or tones, the targeted memory becomes integrated within the general memory network

What is “combinatory entailment?”

When two or more stimuli become related to one another it is called combinatorial entailment (they combine).

- You can see how our relational frames are the basis for a person’s private events, which

can be helpful and also unhelpful (unhelpful: all warm, furry animals scratch).

What does the acronym DARN CATS stand for? With which technique is it associated?

Preparatory change talk (the “DARN”) includes: Desire (e.g., “I want to quit smoking”)

Ability, (e.g., “I know that I can quit smoking if I work hard at it”)

Reason, (e.g., “If I quit smoking I would have more energy, and I’m less likely to get a smoking-related disease”)

Need (e.g., I really should quit smoking because I’ve been doing it for a while, and I’ve seen other people my age with smoking-related illnesses”)

Mobilizing change talk (the “CATS”) includes: Commitment (e.g., “I promise to quit smoking”) Activation (e.g., “I am ready to quit smoking starting within the week”) Taking Steps (e.g., “I have thrown away my cigarettes, will get medication to help me quit, and practice relaxation techniques when I’m stressed”)

In MI, what does the ruler often assess?

to assess importance and confidence toward change

What is an exception-seeking question? Be prepared to recognize by example.

Exception-seeking questions: Focus on times when clients were able to "make lemonade out of lemons"

How does psychological inflexibility relate to a person’s acting in a manner consistent with his or her values?

For instance: constant worry about past or future attachment to rigid rules and beliefs, experiential avoidance, attachment to a rigid identity, difficulty identifying thoughts and feelings, and more

What is “private language?” “Public language?”

Private language: “thinking, imagining, daydreaming, planning, visualizing and so on”

Public language: includes “speaking, talking, miming, gesturing, writing, painting, singing, dancing, and so on”

What did McAuliffe have to say about “temperament?” What did he mean by “default to the negative?”

there is a genetic set-point for temperament, which means that certain aspects of our person-ality are largely determined by our genes. Thus, if one has a tendency for depression, there is a range, or variability, for that depression, but it is limited to some degree by one's set-point. Although one's set-point does sound somewhat deterministic, McAuliffe suggests "factors can determine whether, at any given time, an individual is in the upper or lower continuum of her or his range"
- Humans have a natural tendency to focus on the negative, and McAuliffe (2019) suggests the positive is custom-ary, in the sense that we hardly notice it when it occurs. So, when a person receives positive recognition, it's accepted but rarely stands out to any great degree. But negative critiques will often stand out, and sometimes even hit us like a brick.

What does the acronym FRAMES stand for?

Feedback
Responsibility
Advice
Menu of Options
Empathy
Self-efficacy

Who was Miller influenced by?

- Miller found himself immersed in person-centered counseling principals developed by Rogers as he worked with people with schizophrenia
- 12 step program

What are mirror neurons? What do they do?

Mirror neurons are parallel neurons that fire when observing another person’s experience

Thus, when we observe another person, our mirror neurons fire and we experience something akin to what the other person is experiencing—this is the basis of empathy

What is neurofeedback efficacious for?

Trauma affected individuals, substance use disorders, anxiety and depression,

Biofeedback has been found to be effective in managing stress among individuals who must perform under stress for occupational success

What are present positive emotions? How are they composed?

Counselors can cultivate positive emotions by emphasizing enjoyable activities and helping clients finding positive meaning in their lives

Feelings and experiences, momentary pleasures, higher pleasures, gratifications of individual strengths

Originally, what was MI developed to treat?

Substance abuse

What is prolonged exposure therapy? What is it used for?

Used to treat patients with PTSD by slowly exposing them to the trauma that was experienced with coping skills

What systems relate to “stress” and no stress?

Simply, stress is experienced when the sympathetic nervous system is activated, and the parasympathetic nervous system is suppressed, and the reverse reduces stress

What is the “Resilience Hypothesis?”

The resilience hypothesis suggests that positive emotions build on positive emotions in that one has an upward spiral of positivity.

What does ACT stand for?

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

What is the “Hand Model”? How is it helpful?

a simple way to help clients understand how brain structures influence emotional responses, and to learn techniques to mediate such response

What was the impetus behind Stephen Hayes’ development of ACT?

- Inspired by Skinner
- Inspired by Irving Kessler who looked at connection between behaviorism and clinical practice
- Interested in Eastern philosophies (e.g., writings of D. T. Suzuki and Alan Watts)
- Also spent time in an Eastern religious community run by Swami Kriyananda

What is the limbic system? What does it do? By what other names is it known?

The Limbic System and Emotions

Limbic system includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala (the “seat of human emotions”)

Lies below the cerebrum, which contains the cerebral cortex (grey matter) that controls executive functioning

In severe stress or emotional overload, limbic system can overwhelm the cerebral cortex

What does the acronym OARS stand for?

Open-ended Questions

Affirmations

Reflecting

Summarizing

Who initiated the positive psychology movement?

Martin Seligman

- becomes president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1998

- Encourages research and articles in the field on positive psychology

- Known for experiments on learned helplessness, he now examines learned optimism

What is the MI Spirit?

Compassion

- Consistently having the safety, wellbeing, and best interest of the client at the forefront and being client-centered and being nonjudgmental

Collaboration

- Non-hierarchical, respectfully curious , and working to understand and accept the client’s goals, which may contrast from counselor’s intuitions. Partnership that entails: being nonjudgmental, believing client is the expert, listening, periodically asking questions, seeing the world through the client’s eyes, and helping the client unfold own experiences to make better choices in life

Acceptance (four components: absolute worth, accurate empathy, autonomy support, and affirmations)

Evocation: finding person’s strengths and resources to make a change

Why does the MI counselor not engage in advice giving?

Offer, when reasonable and receptive to the client, advice on ways to modify the problematic behavior
- Pitfalls of information and advice giving are well known and include fostering a dependent client-counselor relationship, seeing the counselor as all-knowing and giving up one's power to find solutions on one's own and not providing information or advice that is helpful

What’s the best ratio between positive and negative emotions?

Flourish Hypothesis: Have optimal ratio of positive to negative emotions (e.g., 3:1

What does “developing discrepancy” relate to?

- Points out inconsistencies between client's maladaptive or problematic behaviors and the client's desired attainment of goals based on personal values (e.g., drinking too much and becoming verbally aggressive vs. wanting to be a role model for one's children)
- Gently, the counselor points out the discrepancy, or incongruency, to the client
- This can help the client move to change talk

What is attachment to a conceptualized self?

Extreme cognitive fusion with the entire self-concept. Invested in stories about who they are and how they became.

Results in highly rigid behaviours aimed at validating/defending self-stories.

What effect does MI have when combined with other therapies?

MI was shown to have an enhancing effect when combined with other forms of treatment
- If combined with other approaches, Arkowitz et al. (2017c) suggest the four processes of engaging, focusing, and evoking need to be present, providers should be adequately trained in MI, and the treatment should allow for comparisons to other treatment modalities

Know the different brain waves and their characteristics.

Delta waves (1-3 Hz): The slowest of brainwaves, delta waves are generated during deep relaxation, meditation, and dreamless sleep. Most related to empathy, healing, and regeneration. On average, women seem to have more delta wave activity.

Theta waves (4-7 Hz): This twilight state, is when one is falling in and out of sleep, or daydreaming, and can be readily achieved in meditative states. This state is deeply relaxing and is often considered the gateway to creativity, learning, memory, and intuition.

Alpha waves (8-15 Hz): Sometimes called the resting state of the brain, alpha waves are related to relaxed consciousness, calmness, decreased stress, and mind/body integration.

Beta waves (16-31 Hz): These brainwaves dominate one’s waking state. Are related to alertness, being attentive, problem solving, focused mental activity, decision-making, as well as unease, anxiety, depression, and fight and flight.

Gamma waves (32-100Hz): Gamma waves oscillate quickly and are often associated with conscious awareness, perception, innovation, and “bursts of insight.” (Field, et al., 2017, p. 144). Some evidence suggests that there is a relationship between gamma waves with schizophrenia and autism.

What are the four steps of the “counseling process” of MI?

1. Engaging

2. Focusing

3. Evoking

4. Planning