Quiz 1 Brain and Behavior

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes.

Last updated 10:31 PM on 2/3/26
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42 Terms

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Generalization

Deducing general laws from specific events.

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Reduction

Explaining phenomena in terms of more basic elements.

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Dualism

The concept that body is physical and mind is non-physical.

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Monism

The idea that mind arises from brain activity.

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Functionalism

Understanding traits by their adaptive function.

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Natural Selection

The process where traits that enhance survival or reproduction become more common.

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Neoteny

Prolonged brain development.

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CNS

Central Nervous System, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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PNS

Peripheral Nervous System, consisting of nerves and sensory organs.

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Neurons

The main nerve cells that transmit information in the nervous system.

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Myelin Sheath

Insulation that increases the speed of neural conduction.

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Axoplasmic Transport

The process of transporting materials within a neuron.

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Astrocytes

Glial cells that provide structural support, cleanup, and nourishment.

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Microglia

Glial cells that provide immune defense and debris removal.

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Blood–Brain Barrier

Selective permeability that protects the brain from toxins.

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Resting Potential

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not firing, typically –70 mV.

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Action Potential

An all-or-none electrical impulse that travels along a neuron.

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Saltatory Conduction

The process where the action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier.

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EPSPs

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials.

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IPSPs

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials.

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Ionotropic Receptors

Receptors that function directly and quickly.

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Metabotropic Receptors

Receptors that function indirectly, usually slower, involving second messengers.

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Lesion Studies

Research methods that infer function by observing lost abilities due to brain lesions.

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Microelectrodes

Devices that record from single neurons with high resolution.

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fMRI

Functional MRI that measures blood oxygenation for brain activity monitoring.

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Optogenetics

A technique that uses light-sensitive proteins to control neuron activity.

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CRISPR-Cas9

A gene editing technology that allows for specific alterations in DNA.

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What type of glia forms the myelin sheath on neurons in the central nervous system

Oligodendrocytes

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When multiple EPSP’s occur at different synapses at the same time, the neuron is undergoing

Spatial Summation

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A neuron’s membrane potential moves from -70mV to -80mV, which term best describes this charge?

Hyper polarization

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A signal travels from the axon terminals (aka terminal buttons) to the soma of the neuron. What kind of signal is this?

Post-synaptic signaling

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Which factor most strongly determines the speed of action potential conduction

Axon diameter and myelination

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An influx of ____ ions results in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

Cl-

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Ionotropic receptors differ from metabotropic receptors in that they….

Directly bind to receptor

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Where does saltatory conduction occur?

Myelinated axon

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A psychologist suggests that a principle observed in one cognitive task can be applies to understand other different mental processes. Which perspective does this reflect?

Generalization

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Which study is typically not replicated over long periods of time?

PET

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When can a neuron NOT fire again?

Absolute refractory period

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A neurotransmitter binds to a receptor and directly opens an ion channel within milliseconds. The receptor is classified as:

ionotropic

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A scientist uses twin and adoption studies to determine genetic or environmental influences on behavior. Which finding would most strongly suggest a significant role in shared environment?

Dizygotic twins raised together show higher similarity than non-biological individuals raised together

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A clinical neuroscientist wants to observe real-time changes in the brain while a patient is awake and performing a task. Which method has strong temporal and spatial imaging?

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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A scientist wants to test the all-or-none law by increasing the stimulus to a neuron using voltage clamp experiments. What can you expect to see?

AP amplitude stays the same and an increased AP frequency