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Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes.
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Generalization
Deducing general laws from specific events.
Reduction
Explaining phenomena in terms of more basic elements.
Dualism
The concept that body is physical and mind is non-physical.
Monism
The idea that mind arises from brain activity.
Functionalism
Understanding traits by their adaptive function.
Natural Selection
The process where traits that enhance survival or reproduction become more common.
Neoteny
Prolonged brain development.
CNS
Central Nervous System, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System, consisting of nerves and sensory organs.
Neurons
The main nerve cells that transmit information in the nervous system.
Myelin Sheath
Insulation that increases the speed of neural conduction.
Axoplasmic Transport
The process of transporting materials within a neuron.
Astrocytes
Glial cells that provide structural support, cleanup, and nourishment.
Microglia
Glial cells that provide immune defense and debris removal.
Blood–Brain Barrier
Selective permeability that protects the brain from toxins.
Resting Potential
The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not firing, typically –70 mV.
Action Potential
An all-or-none electrical impulse that travels along a neuron.
Saltatory Conduction
The process where the action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier.
EPSPs
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials.
IPSPs
Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials.
Ionotropic Receptors
Receptors that function directly and quickly.
Metabotropic Receptors
Receptors that function indirectly, usually slower, involving second messengers.
Lesion Studies
Research methods that infer function by observing lost abilities due to brain lesions.
Microelectrodes
Devices that record from single neurons with high resolution.
fMRI
Functional MRI that measures blood oxygenation for brain activity monitoring.
Optogenetics
A technique that uses light-sensitive proteins to control neuron activity.
CRISPR-Cas9
A gene editing technology that allows for specific alterations in DNA.
What type of glia forms the myelin sheath on neurons in the central nervous system
Oligodendrocytes
When multiple EPSP’s occur at different synapses at the same time, the neuron is undergoing
Spatial Summation
A neuron’s membrane potential moves from -70mV to -80mV, which term best describes this charge?
Hyper polarization
A signal travels from the axon terminals (aka terminal buttons) to the soma of the neuron. What kind of signal is this?
Post-synaptic signaling
Which factor most strongly determines the speed of action potential conduction
Axon diameter and myelination
An influx of ____ ions results in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
Cl-
Ionotropic receptors differ from metabotropic receptors in that they….
Directly bind to receptor
Where does saltatory conduction occur?
Myelinated axon
A psychologist suggests that a principle observed in one cognitive task can be applies to understand other different mental processes. Which perspective does this reflect?
Generalization
Which study is typically not replicated over long periods of time?
PET
When can a neuron NOT fire again?
Absolute refractory period
A neurotransmitter binds to a receptor and directly opens an ion channel within milliseconds. The receptor is classified as:
ionotropic
A scientist uses twin and adoption studies to determine genetic or environmental influences on behavior. Which finding would most strongly suggest a significant role in shared environment?
Dizygotic twins raised together show higher similarity than non-biological individuals raised together
A clinical neuroscientist wants to observe real-time changes in the brain while a patient is awake and performing a task. Which method has strong temporal and spatial imaging?
fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
A scientist wants to test the all-or-none law by increasing the stimulus to a neuron using voltage clamp experiments. What can you expect to see?
AP amplitude stays the same and an increased AP frequency