bug exam 1

systematics

the study of the relationships among living organisms, and their diversification through time

taxonomy

the theory and practice of naming and describing organisms or groups

classification

the scientific method used to group organisms and categorize them in hierarchical groupings

carolus linnaeus

father of modern taxonomy, established modern classification system

classic biological definition of species

a population of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated from other such groups

binomial

modern system of naming is based on unique ____ scientific names

one

how many valid scientific names does a species have

first

which name given to a species is valid? (first, second, third…)

no

do common names have rules or limits?

kpcofgs

first letter of hierarchical modern classification system from biggest to smallest category

crustacea

subphylum of lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles

myriapoda

subphylum of centipedes, millipedes

chelicerata

subphylum of arachnids, horseshoe crabs

hexapoda

subphylum of insects, springtails

arthropod

segmented bodies, paired, jointed appendages, bilateral symmetry, exoskeleton, ventral nerve cord, dorsal blood vessel

crustacea

2 or 3 body regions, 2 pairs of antennae, more than 4 pairs of legs, mso are aquatic with gills

chilopoda

centipede class

chilopoda

defined head, elongated trunk, one pair of legs per segment, one pair of antennae, venomous claw, predacious, fast moving

diplopoda

millipede class

diplopoda

defined head, elongated trunk, two pairs of legs per segment, one pair of antennae, chemical defense, primarily scavengers, slow moving

chelicerata

two body regions, chelicerae and pedipalps, four pairs of legs, no antennae, many have book lungs

merostomata

horseshoe crab class

horseshoe crab

4 living species, book gills, 300 million years old, more closely related to spiders and scorpions, medically important

arachnida

class of spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, harvestmen

arachnida

2 body regions, 4 pairs of legs, chelicerae, pedipalps

hexapoda

3 body regions, 3 pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, compound eyes, wings

head

feeding and sensory body part

thorax

locomotion body part

abdomen

body part that contains internal organs and external genitalia

spiracles and trachea

how do insects breathe

open

do insects have an open or closed circulatory system

spiracle

hole in exoskeleton

trachea

air tubes throughout body

compound eyes

many ommatidia, form images, low resolution

simple eyes

ocelli, light/dark senses

chemoreceptors

taste and smell, sense pheromones

mechanoreceptors

movement, touch, pressure, vibrations to hear

chewing

mandibulate function

siphoning

feeding method of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)

sponging

feeding method of diptera (flies)

lapping

feeding method of some hymenoptera (honeybees)

piercing-sucking

feeding method of some hemiptera (true bugs, cicadas, aphids), and some diptera (mosquitos)

prothorax

first segment of thorax

mesothorax

middle segment of thorax

metathorax

third segment of thorax

mesothorax or metathorax

which segment(s) is/are wings located

cursorial

leg modification for running

raptorial

leg modification for prey

saltatorial

leg modification for jumping

natatorial

leg modification for paddling

fossorial

leg modification for digging

prehensile

leg modification for clinging to host

abdomen

largest part of body

metamorphosis

change in form

ametabolous

development without metamorphosis

hemimetabolous

development with gradual/incomplete metamorphosis

holometabolous

development with complete metamorphosis

instar

the insect itself between molts

larva

stage designed to feed

pupa

stage for restructuring body tissues

adult

stage designed to disperse and reproduce

chitin

what is the exoskeleton made of

sclerotization

process where proteins are crosslinked, determines hardness of cuticle

epidermis

living layer that produces materials to make other layers

endocuticle

outer part progressively hardened to add thickness

exocuticle

gives hardness to cuticle

epicuticle

waterproofing layer

apolysis

separation of cuticle from epidermis

secretion

new cuticle materials laid down beneath old cuticle

degradation

breakdown of the old endocuticle

ecdysis

shedding of the old exocuticle

hormone

a substance that is produced by one tissue and transported to another tissue where it produces a specific response

endocrine gland

gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood

endorinology

the study of hormones and their effects

kopec experiment

discovered that brain produces substance that initiates molting between 7 and 10 days

prothoracic

what gland releases molting hormone

ecdysone

what is the molting hormone

corpora allata

what releases the juvenile hormone

what causes larva to molt into a pupa

juvenile hormone

sclerotization

darkening of exoskeleton (tanning)

ametabolous

order thysanura development

thysanura

order with chewing mouthparts, two long filamentous cerci and median filament, habitat is debris, decomposers

thysanura

order for silverfish

hemimetabolous

order ephemoptera development

ephemoptera

mayflies order

ephemoptera

order with unique winged pre-adult stage (subimago), long filamentous cerci and may have median filament, nymphs are aquatic, adults are terrestrial, most nymphs are predators or scavengers, adults do not feed

hemimetabolous

order odonata development

odonata

dragonflies and damselflies order

odonata

chewing mouthparts, aquatic nymphs with prehensile lower lips and anal or rectal gills, nymphs and adults are predacious, unique method of copulation

hemimetabolous

order orthoptera development

orthoptera

order for grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, locusts

orthoptera

chewing mouthparts, front wings leathery (tegmina), hindwings are membranous and fold like fans, many have special adaptations of legs, males stridulate (chirp/sing)

hemimetabolous

order phasmatodea development

phasmatodea

stick insect order

phasmatodea

chewing mouthparts, front leathery wings (tegmina), hindwings are membranous and fold like fans, elongated body that mimics nature.

hemimetabolous

order dermaptera development

dermaptera

earwigs order

dermaptera

chewing mouthparts, forewings are short tegmina that meet straight line down the back, hindwings are membranous and folded, forceps-like cerci, pre-social behavior

hemimetabolous

order mantodea development

mantodea

praying mantis order