bio 1011

What are plants?

They are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that have adapted to terrestrial life.

Alternation of Generations

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.

Is the gametophyte generation haploid or diploid?

haploid

What do gametophytes produce?

sperm and eggs

Is the sporophyte generation haploid or diploid?

diploid

What are some examples of nonvascular plants?

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

What are nonvascular plants collectively called?

bryophytes

Why do nonvascular plants have to remain close to the ground?

Because they have no vascular tissue so they have to grow close to the ground to get close to water.

What generation is dominant in nonvascular plants?

gametophyte

The moss antheridia and archegonia produce what?

Antheridia produce sperm cells and archegonia produce eggs.

What does vascular tissue include?

xylem and phloem

What are examples of seedless vascular plants?

ferns, club mosses, horsetails

What generation is dominant in seedless vascular plants?

sporophyte

What does the fern prothallus look like?

It looks like a heart with wavy lines coming out the bottom.

What does the fern sorus look like?

It looks like a fern leaf with dots up the surface of it.

What are the 4 groups of gymnosperms?

cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes, conifers

What is the meaning of the word gymnosperms?

naked seed

Are male or female pine cones larger?

female

What does the ovule on the pine cone look like?

It can be found in the center and it has a round shape.

What do the pollen grains of the male pine cone look like?

It is more of an oval shape coming out of pine needles.

What is the purpose of the root?

anchor plant, absorb water and nutrients

What is the meaning of the word herbaceous?

nonwoody

Can monocots produce true wood?

No

What is primary growth?

The increase in length of the shoot and the root

What is secondary growth?

growth in thickness

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

heterotrophic

What are cell walls of fungi made of?

chitin

What is the hyphae of a fungus called?

mycelium

What is plasmogamy?

the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

What is karyogamy?

fusion of two haploid nuclei of a dikaryon to form single diploid nucleus

Phylum Chytridiomycota

chytrids

Phylum Zygomycota

bread molds

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi (yeasts, morels, truffles)

The asexual spores of zygomycota are called what?

sporangiospores

The sexual spores of zygomycota are called what?

zygospores

In the life cycle what does the (+) and (-) indicate?

Various mating types

Are fungi haploid or diploid for most of their life?

haploid

Can fungi be pathogens to plants and animals?

For plants crops can be decimated, and for animals most infections are irritating

What ecological role do fungi play?

decomposers, mutualistic relationships, parasitic relationships, lichens

What are some of the strategies that had to evolve for land plants to survive on land?

developed a shoot and grew taller, vascular tissues were developed for transport of water, waxy cuticle protects leaves and stem

What are charophytes?

green algae

In nonvascular plants is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dominant?

gametophyte

What is the antheridia?

Gamatangium that holds the male sperm cells in bryophytes

What is the archegonia?

Gamatangium that holds female egg cell in bryophytes

What is xylem?

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

What is phloem?

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

What are micorphylls?

They are a type of plant leaf with one unbranched leaf vein.

In seedless vascular plants is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dominant?

sporophyte

What does xylem carry?

water

What does the Pholem carry?

food

Evolution of the tracheid cells helped land plants do what?

To grow to very large sizes

Where the first seed plants gymnosperms or angiosperms?

gymnosperms

Explain the evolution of the seed and the pollen grain.

protects and provides food, can survive harsh periods, development of fruit, dispersal of sperm isn't dependent on water

Why do plants need a cuticle and stomata to be successful on land?

The cuticle covers the leaves and prevents water loss and stomata are like pores which open and close to regulate gases and vapor

With the seed plants is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dominant?

sporophyte

What is the male gametophyte called?

(micro)gametophyte

What is the female gametophyte called?

(mega)gametophyte

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

Where do you find the ovule on the female cone?

on the scale

What is dioecious?

having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.

What is monoecious?

male and female parts on the same plant

In an angiosperm male gametophyte what is the generative cell and what is the tube cell?

The generative cell is the sperm and the tube cell produces pollen

In angiosperms in what part of the flower does the pollen come out of?

stigma

What is pollination?

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

What is double feralization?

One sperm unites with egg to form diploid, the other sperm unites wit two polar nuclei to form the triploid.

What is the endosperm?

via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo

What is a cotyledon?

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

What is the difference between monocots and eudicots?

Monocots do not produce true wood and eudicots do.

What part of the flower becomes the fruit?

ovary

What does the seed form from?

ovules

The seed coat forms from the hardening of the what?

integument

Wood is the proliferation of what?

xylem

What characteristics do all living things share?

Living things are made up of basic units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time.

What is phylogeny?

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

What is a cladogram?

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

What are homologous structures?

homologous structures are similar in origin but not function (whale flippers /human arms)

What are analogous structures?

Structures in modern species that have the same function, but are not inherited from a common ancestor (bat wings and butterfly wings)

What is convergent evolution?

Occurs when similar structures from on different species as adaptations to the same environment.

Why are phylogenies important?

understanding of evolutionary processes, improve conservation for species, better understanding of human health, and produce more effective drugs

What is a shared ancestral character?

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

What is a shared derived character?

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

What is a vertical gene transfer?

transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring

What is horizontal transfer?

transfer of genes between different species

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells

What makes viruses different from living cells?

No cytoplasm, organelles, or membranes, smaller than bacteria and eukaryotic cells, cannot reproduce on their own

What is a virus made of?

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coating. It is a non living thing that must have a host. they grow by changing the metabolism of the cell they invade.

What are the 4 virus shapes?

filamentous, icosahedral, enveloped, head and tail

What do you call a virus that infects bacteria?

bacteriophage (T4)

Is a virus species specific and tissue specific?

Yes viruses only attach to cells that have the right receptor molecules

How does the flu infect your body?

It causes an infection in the respiratory tract, nose, throat, lungs, and it is inhaled or transmitted

What are the steps of viral infection?

attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release

What is the lytic cycle?

phage causes lysis and death of host cell

What is the lysogenic cycle?

The lysogenic cycle is a viral replication cycle

that does not kill the host immediately.

What are prions?

misfolded versions of normal protein that can cause disease

What are viroids?

small rings of naked RNA without capsid, that only infect plants

What two domains are prokaryotes found in?

Bacteria and Archaea

How many chromosomes do bacteria have?

one

What are Koch's four postulates?

1. present in disease, present in healthy 2. putative causative agent isolated, grown pure culture 3. the same disease must result 4. same microorganism must be isolated