Foundations of Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing

Individual (Personal) Factors influencing Mental Health

Biologic makeup

Independence and autonomy

Self-esteem

Capacity for growth

Vitality

Ability to find meaning in life

Emotional resilience or hardiness

Sense of belonging

Reality orientation

Coping and stress management skills

Interpersonal (Relationship) Factors influencing Mental Health

Effective communication

Ability to help others

Intimacy

Balance between independence and connection

Social/Cultural (Environmental) Factors influencing Mental Health

Sense of community

Access to adequate resources

Intolerance of violence

Support for diversity

Ability to manage one's environment

A positive but realistic view of the world

Depression

Schizophrenia

Anxiety disorders

Addictive disorders

Mental illness includes disorders that affect mood, behavior, and thinking, such as:

As punishment from the gods or caused by divine/demonic forces.

How was mental illness viewed in ancient times?

Blood, water (phlegm), yellow bile, and black bile.

What are the four humors according to Aristotle?

Bloodletting, starvation, and purging.

How were mental illnesses treated based on the four humors theory?

Exorcism, imprisonment, flogging, and starvation.

How was mental illness treated during the Early Christian Era?

Allowed to wander or live in rural areas.

How were harmless mentally ill individuals treated during the Renaissance?

Imprisoned, chained, and starved

How were "dangerous" mentally ill individuals treated during the Renaissance?

Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem (1547)

the first hospital for the insane

Patients were displayed to the public for ridicule.

What happened at Bedlam by 1775?

Philippe Pinel (France) and William Tuke (England).

Who were key figures in the humane treatment movement? Formulated the concept of asylum as a safe refuge or haven offering protection.

To provide protection and humane care.

purpose of asylums during the Enlightenment

move toward humane treatment.

major shift occurred in the Enlightenment period regarding mental illness

moral treatment

An approach emphasizing dignity, kindness, structured environment, and compassion.

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

Advocated for humane care. Helped establish 32 state hospitals. Emphasized shelter, food, clothing. Began a crusade to reform the treatment of mental illness after a visit to Tuke's institution in England

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Studied the mind and mental disorders. Founded psychoanalytic theory

Emil Kraepelin

Classified mental disorders by symptoms.

Eugen Bleuler

Coined the term schizophrenia in 1908.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) - antipsychotic

Lithium - antimanic

First psychotropic drugs developed

Depression

the most common Mental Health Problem Worldwide

Suicide

2nd Leading cause of death among 15-29 years/old

Revolving Door Phenomenon

frequent psychiatric rehospitalizations. Short, unplanned hospital stays (3-5 days). Symptoms improve but not stabilized. Discharge before coping skills develop

Dr. Elias Domingo

1st Filipino Psychiatrist. Established San Lazaro Hospital

Linda Richards (1873)

First American psychiatric nurse. Improved care in psychiatric hospitals. Organized nurse education programs in state mental hospitals

Deinstitutionalization

a deliberate shift from institutional care in state hospitals to community facilities

1882

Year the 1st Training School for Nurses in the Psychiatric Setting established at the McLean Hospital, Massachusetts

1986

Year the American Psychiatric Nurses Association is founded.

Nursing Mental Diseases by Harriet Bailey (1920)

First psychiatric nursing textbook

Hildegard Peplau

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952). Therapeutic nurse-client relationship. Phases and tasks of the relationship

June Mellow

Nursing Therapy (1968). Focused on Client strengths, Psychosocial needs, "Here and now" approach

Benjamin Rush

Father of Psychiatry. Was one of the first American physicians to treat mental illness as a medical condition. Pushed psychiatry into medicine rather than punishment/custody.