genes in population

emergent population level properties and processes

• genotype and allele frequencies

• change in genotype and allele frequencies over time (evolution)

• population to population variation

processes of evolutionary change

• change in population level variation due to mutation

• change in population level variation due to migration

• change in population level variation due to natural selection

• change in population level variation due to chance (genetic drift)

haplotype

group of alleles inherited together on the same chromosome

genetics at the population level

• concentrates on collections of individuals and their genetic properties

  • frequencies of alleles, SNPs, genotypes, and haplotypes in time and space (geography, habitats)

• studies the origin, maintenance, and change of allelic and genotypic variation in populations

• makes use of models to study the processes that influence population genetic composition and make predictions about how it’ll change

notation for genotype frequencies

• frequency of genotypes AA, Aa, and aa: f_AA, f_Aa, f_aa

• f_AA + f_Aa + f_aa = 1.0

notation for allele frequencies (for biallelic loci)

• frequency of one allele is denoted p

• frequency of the other allele is denoted q

• p + q = 1

gene pool

combination of all genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

Hardy-Weinberg proportions

genotype frequencies when there is random mating, no mutation, no selection, no migration, and no drift