Demography & Migration

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9 Terms

1
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Decline in Birth Rates

  • More contraception and family planning

  • Women delaying childbirth for education and career (Sharpe)

  • Children are becoming more expensive; more child-centred society.

AO2- The number of births in 1900 was 1.1 million.

In 2000, it was 630,000

In 2024, the number of births was 591,000

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Total Fertility rate:

The fertility rate in 1900 was 3.5

In 2000, the fertility rate dropped to 1.63

Today the fertility rate is 1.44

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Death Rate

AO1- The death rate refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 of the total population.

AO2- The death rate in 1900 was 19

The death rate today is 9.9

The death rate is starting to rise as people are living longer. If the population contains more older people compared to younger people, the death rate will rise because older people are more likely to die.

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Reasons for falling death rate:

  • Treatment of infectious disease and medical improvements.

  • Improved nutrition

  • Changes to smoking and diet

  • Decline in dangerous manual labour.

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AO3 for falling death rate:

  • Women live on average 4 years longer then men.

  • Life expectancy is 7 years less in the north and west of Britain.

  • Those with disabilities live on average 17 years less.

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Life Expectancy:

AO1- Life expectancy refers to how long on average a person born each year can be expected to live.

AO2- Life expectancy in 1851 was 40 for males and 44 for females.

Life expectancy today is 78 for males and 82 for females.

AO3- Life expectancy can vary, for example in terms of region. E.g. life expectancy is estimated to be 79.9 years, which is lower than the national average (Middlesbrough)

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The ageing population:

AO1- The ageing population refers to an increasing proportion of older people and a declining proportion of children relative to the overall population. This is because of falling death rates, falling birth rates and longer life expectancies.

AO2- Today the ratio of economically active to inactive is 1;0.58. In 50 years time, the number of pensioners (30%) may be double the number of children (15%), leaving a dependency ratio of 1;0.8.

Trends:

  • The proportion of children has declined by 18% over the last 50 years.

  • The proportion of older people has increased by 29% over the last 50 years.

  • In the last 10 years, the number of people over 80 has increased by 30%

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Effects of Migration on Families

  • Family structures may change due to separation and reunification.
  • Remittances can improve the economic well-being of families left behind.
  • Cultural adaptation can lead to intergenerational conflicts.
  • Transnational families may form, maintaining connections across borders.
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Factors Affecting Migration

  • Economic factors: job opportunities, income levels, cost of living.
  • Social factors: education, healthcare, quality of life.
  • Political factors: stability, safety, freedom.
  • Environmental factors: climate, natural disasters.
  • Demographic factors: population density, age structure.