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BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS (BPA)
Is the analysis and interpretation of the dispersion, shape characteristics, volume, pattern, number, and relationship of bloodstains at a crime scene to reconstruct a process of events.
PASSIVE BLOOD STAIN
Clots
Drops
Flows
Pooling
TRANSFER BLOODSTAINS
Wipes
Swipes
Pattern transfers
General contact bloodstains
PROJECTED OR IMPACT BLOODSTAINS
Spatters
Splashes
Cast-off stains
Arterial spurts or gushes
WIPE STAIN
Created when an object moves through a pre existing bloodstain (ex: clean rag moved through a pool of blood).
SWIPE STAIN
Transfer of blood onto a target by a moving object that is itself bloodstained (ex: bloodied rag being moved through unstained floor)
SPATTER
Technical term describing stains resulting from blood hitting a target.
FORWARD SPATTER
Blood droplets projected away from item
BACK SPATTER
Blood droplets being projected toward the item
CAST- OFF STAIN
Blood being flung or projected from a bloody object in motion or one that stops suddenly
ARTERIAL SPURTS/ GUSHES
Occurs when an artery is breached while the heart is pumping; produces zigzag, up and down pattern
VOIDS
An indicator that some secondary object came between a blood spatter and the final target; leaves an outline or “shadow” on the final target
POINT-OF-ORIGIN
“Whenever the direction of a bloodstain can be determined, it can be expected to have originated at a point somewhere along that line.”
Can demonstrate a convergence of lines (paths), indicating point of origin
Presumptive serological tests can be employed to discover if the stain in question is truly blood
DOCUMENTATION
“Document the entire scene as discovered, including “establishing” photographs.
Photograph pattern transfers, pools, and other fragile patterns first.
Document patterns with “establishing” photographs that show the pattern’s relationship to landmarks or other items of evidence.
Take macro and close-up photographs; include a scale in every photograph.
When reconstructing point-of-origin, document individual stains used in the reconstruction