4.2 sexual reproduction

Mitosis

Cell division resulting in identical daughter cells

Somatic cells

Non-reproductive cells that undergo mitosis

Gamete

Male or female reproductive cell

Zygote

Cell formed by fusion of two gametes

Fertilization

Combining gametes to form a zygote

Haploid

Cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cells

Diploid

Cells with pairs of chromosomes, including somatic cells

Meiosis

Process that produces gametes with haploid number of chromosomes

Genetic Reduction

Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes

Genetic Recombination

Meiosis produces offspring with different combinations of alleles

Crossing Over

Exchange of segments between paternal and maternal chromatids

Synapsis

Process of homologues coming together physically during Meiosis I

Tetrad

Consists of 4 sister chromatids from 2 homologous chromosomes

Interphase

Growth and synthesis phase before dividing

Prophase I

Nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatids intertwine and exchange segments

Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes line up along the equator

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase I

Homologous chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane forms around each group

Meiosis II

Similar to mitosis, but without DNA replication

Prophase II

Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers begin to form

Metaphase II

Chromosomes with 2 sister chromatids align along the equator

Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

Telophase II

Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides into two

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter cells, Meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells

Comparison of Meiosis I to Mitosis

Meiosis I involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, while Mitosis does not

Comparison of Meiosis II to Mitosis

Meiosis II results in haploid daughter cells that are not genetically identical, while Mitosis results in diploid daughter cells that are identical