Bio Chapter 3

Glycogen

________- used by animal cells to store energy and is broken down to release glucose when you need energy.

Hydrolysis

________- the breakdown of polymers by adding water to them.

Cellulose

________- the most abundant organic compound on Earth; forms cable- like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and can not be broken by any enzyme produced by animals.

Cholesterol

________- a key component of cell membranes and the "base steroid "from which your body produces other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone.

Polysaccharides

________- complex carbohydrates and are made of long chains of sugars- polymers of.

Isomers

________- molecules that have the same molecular formula but different.

Hydrophobic

________ (lipids)- unable to mix with water.

Monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Starch

________- consists of long strings of glucose monomers and is used by plant cells to store energy.

Fat

________ (triglyceride)- a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via a.

Hydrophilic

________ " (water- loving)- "molecules that dissolve easily in water.

RNA

________- sugar is ribose; has an uracil base instead of thymine; single stranded.

Proteins

________- polymers of amino acid monomers, account for more than 50 % of the dry weight of most cells, and are instrumental in almost everything cells do.

Monosaccharides

________- the monomers of carbohydrates and can not be broken down into smaller sugars.

Dehydration reaction

________- links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water.

Gene

________- a unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of D N A that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

Disaccharide

________- constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Polypeptides

________- long chains of amino acids.

Macromolecules

________- large molecules; carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

DNA

________- sugar is deoxyribose; double stranded.

Polymers

________- macromolecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called.

Nucleotides

________- a monomer in nucleic acids.

Peptide bonds

________- Cells link amino acids together by dehydration.

Functional groups

________- the groups of atoms directly.

Double helix

________- A molecule of cellular D N A that is double- stranded.

Hydrogenation

________- adds hydrogen, converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, makes liquid fats solid at room temperature, and creates trans fats.

Amino acid

________- consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners.

Carbohydrates

________- sugars and polymers of sugar.

Organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

functional groups

the groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions

macromolecules

large molecules; carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

polymers

macromolecules made by stringing together monomers

dehydration reaction

links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water

hydrolysis

the breakdown of polymers by adding water to them

4 large biological molecules in living things

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

sugars and polymers of sugar

Monosaccharides

the monomers of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugars

isomers

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure

disaccharide

constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates and are made of long chains of sugars; polymers of monosaccharides

Starch

consists of long strings of glucose monomers and is used by plant cells to store energy

Glycogen

used by animal cells to store energy and is broken down to release glucose when you need energy

Cellulose

the most abundant organic compound on Earth; forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and cannot be broken by any enzyme produced by animals

hydrophilic ("water-loving")

molecules that dissolve easily in water

hydrophobic(lipids)

unable to mix with water

fat (triglyceride)

a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via a dehydration reaction

function of fats

energy storage, cushioning, and insulation

unsaturated fat

has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens

saturated fat

has the maximum number of hydrogens

Hydrogenation

adds hydrogen, converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, makes liquid fats solid at room temperature, and creates trans fats

trans fats

type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health

Cholesterol

a key component of cell membranes and the "base steroid" from which your body produces other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone

Proteins

polymers of amino acid monomers, account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells, and are instrumental in almost everything cells do

amino acid

consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners

peptide bonds

Cells link amino acids together by dehydration reactions

polypeptides

long chains of amino acids

Nucleic acids

macromolecules that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins

2 types of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

DNA

sugar is deoxyribose; double stranded

RNA

sugar is ribose; has an uracil base instead of thymine; single stranded

gene

a unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of D N A that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

nucleotides

a monomer in nucleic acids

3 parts to a nucleotide

a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base

4 possible nitrogenous bases

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, or Cytosine

double helix

A molecule of cellular D N A that is double-stranded

functional group pairings

A only goes with T, and C only goes with G