bio test 3

its bio test 3

An endergonic reaction has a ΔG_____ than zero and an exergonic reaction has a ΔG
_____ than zero.

Greater than, Less than

Which of the following is a reaction that makes larger molecules out of smaller
molecules?

Nonspontaneous and Anabolic

Which is an example of potential energy?

Batteries

What step makes the most ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the purpose of a photosystem?

to absorb light

In cellular respiration where is the ETC located?

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

What has to happen in order for NAD to be made into NADH?

It has to be reduces

When do you see a conformational change take place in an enzyme?

When the transition state is being stabilized

What color of light has the longest wavelength?

Red

10. During what step is oxygen being reduced?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What provides energy for ATP synthase to spin?

Proton motive force

What are the products of light reactions

ATP and NADPH

kinetic energy

Energy of movement (sunlight, heat, running, wind, electricity)

potential energy

stored energy due to structure or location (coal, methane, carbs, batteries, electrical gradient)

What is the transition state and how is it impacted by an enzyme?

The transition state is where bonds are broken and new bonds are formed in a reaction. An enzyme stabilizes this state and makes it appear lower in a graph.

In what steps is carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration?

2 are released during the breakdown of pyruvate and 4 are released during the citric acid cycle.

What type of feeders are we focusing on and what to they do?

We are looking at photoautotrophs and they are able to make their own food/ organic out of light energy.

three pigments

chlorophyll A and B, Carotenoids

Chlorophyll A and B

reflect green, absorb blue-violet

Carotenoids

reflect yellow orange and red, absorb blue, blue-green

What are the two types of reactions we discussed

exergonic and endergonic

what is endergonic delta G

delta G > 0, nonspontaneous

exergonic delta G

delta G < 0, spontaneous

How many substrates bind to an enzyme

Enzymes bind to one specific substrate

how many specific reactions does one enzyme do

complete one reaction.

Substrate level

: Enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate from a phosphorylated substrate to make ATP (used in glycolysis and citric acid)

Oxidative phosphorilation

: H+ moves passively down the electrochemical gradient and caused ATP synthase to spin and make ATP

What is the purpose of a pigment

Pigments are used to absorb light

Where are pigments located

they are found in photosystem 1 and 2

How many cycles of the calvin cycle make G3P

3 cycles creates a G3P

how many make a Glucose?

6 cycles make a glucose.

What are the two metabolic pathways?

anabolic and catabolic

anabolic

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules

Catabolic

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.

what are the 4 steps an enzyme follows?

1. substrate binds to enzyme

2. transition state is stabilized and a conformational change takes place.

3. substrates are converted to products

4. products are released and enzyme is reused

What is the purpose of O2 in cellular respiration?

It is used as a final electron acceptor for all of the electrons that have already done their work in the ETC. They make the final product of H2O

What goes in and out of the Calvin cycle

CO2, ATP, and NADPH go into the calvin cycle and G3P, ADP and NADP comes out.

what is the role of the Calvin cycle?

the role of the calvin cycle is to take in CO2 bind it to RUBP

What determines the amount energy that light has?

the length of wavelengths. The shorter the wavelength the more energy and the longer the wavelength the less energy. (starts at purple with the most and red with the least)

What are REDOX reactions? describe them

Reduction-oxidation-reaction

Reduction is the gaining of electrons

oxidation is the loss of electrons

What is feedback inhibition?

When the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway and prevents overaccumulation of product.

what comes in and out of glycoses?

glucose---> 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

what comes in and out of Pyruvate breakdown:

2 pyruvate ---> 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2

what comes in and out of Citric acid cycle

2 Acetyl CoA---> 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP

what comes in and out of ETC

10 NADH, 2 FADH2 ---> 30-34 ATP (electrochemical gradient)

What process happen in the thylakoid membrane

light reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane.

what complexes make it happen?

This action is carried out by Photosystem 2, ETC, Photosystem 1, and ATP synthase.

What step of cellular respiration is absent when there is no oxygen?

Fermentation happens after glycolysis and the other three steps do not follow. (breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation)

autotrophs

Any organism that can synthesize organic compounds like glucose.

Calvin Cycle

The set of reactions that uses NADPH and ATP formed in the light-capturing reactions to drive the fixation of CO2, reduction of fixed carbon to produce sugar, and the regeneration of the substrate used to fix CO2.

carotenoids

A class of accessory pigments, found in chloroplasts, that absorb light; typically appear yellow, orange, or red.

chlorophyll

Pigments found in chloroplasts, that absorb light; typically appear green.

heterotrophs

Any organism that must obtain carbon and energy from other organisms.

NADP+/NADPH

The oxidized and reduced forms of the electron carrier used in photosynthesis.

photons

A discrete packet of light energy.

photosystem

A complex of pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane that is responsible for the light-capturing reactions.

thylakoids

A network of flattened sac-like structures inside a plant chloroplast.

two pathways of photosynthesis

light reactions and Calvin cycle

photosynthesis gets its energy from

sunlight

sunlight is a type of

electromagnetic radiation

light reactions use

chloroplasts

heat--> entropy

measures randomness in a system

more entropy

more disordered

Potential E is higher in endergonic reactions in

products

potential E is higher in exergonic reactions in the

reactants

exergonic or endergonic
C6H12O6+6 O2

exergonic

exergonic or endergonic
2 H2O2-->H2O+2 O2

exergonic

exergonic or endergonic
6CO2+6 H2O-->6 H12O6+ 6 O2

endergonic

exergonic or endergonic
polymerization of amino acids-proteins

Endergonic

ATP

is used to drive cellular endergonic reactions--> has a lot of potential

ATP is broken down into

ADP

ADP

an inorganic phosphate released by hyrolydid

ATP hydrolysis will be couples with an endergonic reaction if

net free energy for both processes combined is negative

directlytransferredd from ATP to glucose

phosphate

chemical reactions are too

slow for biological systems because of activation energy

EA-->activation energy

initial input of energy

enzyme (protein)

a catalyst that speeds up the rate of the reaction

transition state

when bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

How do enzymes lower activation energy

by stabilizing the transition state

enzymes do what?

increase rate of chemical reactions
recognize systems with high specificity
catalyze one specific reaction

metabolic pathway

coordinated chemical reactions in a series of steps catalyzed by different enzymes

Anabolic

systems of larger molecules--> endergonic

Catabolic

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

what happens when an enzyme stops working?

initial substrate builds up and will not be able to convert initial substrate to product

feedback inhibition

when the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway and prevents accommodation of a product

Reduction

atom or molecule gains an electron

oxidation

atom or molecule looses an electron

NADH +FADH

enzyme intermediates or electron carriers
transport H+ (e-) and energy between oxidation and reaction steps.

Function of ETC

1. oxidize NADPH and FADPH2
2. Harness energy from e- in step wise manner o pump hydrogen ions into the innermembrane space
3. Create electrochemical gradient
4. Onluy way for H+ to escape is through ATP synthase

electro chemical gradient

proton motive force
really high potential energy

High concentration of H+

proton H+ electrochemical gradient is stored potential energy is used to drive ATP synthase up

low concentration of H+

H+ to move positively down the electrochemical gradient causing ATP synthase to spin.
for every one molecule of glucose, the force has enough energy to reduce 30 to 34 ATP

ATP production in glycosis and CAC

substrate level phosphorylation
enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphotiliyzed substrate for ATP

what regulates ETC and OP

absence of oxygen, O2 acts as final electron acceptor, two get picked up and ETC stops, all cellular respiration stops except glycoses.

glycosis breakdown of pryuvate

regulated by feedback inhibition, ATP binds to allospher in an enzyme, prevents final procuct producton, or other production of ATP.

Fermentation

anaerobic resperation, glycosis w/ oxygen--> produces 2 ATP and occurs in cytoplasm

Diet--> carbohydrates

Digest: Glucose
Build: Glycogen

Diet-->Fat

Digest: Fatty Acids and Glyce
Build: Fat

Diet-->Protein

Digest: Amino Acids
Build: Muscle and other tissue

Krebs cycle

involves converting this acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide.