CMSD556 - Midterm (PowerPoint #1) (not completed)

Fall 2025

articulation

totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures that result in speech

phonology

the description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language

why are /t/ and /d/ considered phonemes in English?

because they denote a change in meaning when substituted

what is the /ɾ/ in the words butter or later an example of?

an allophone

/ɾ/ substitutes for what sound?

/t/

in phonology, /t/ and /d/ pair is considered what type of phoneme?

distinctive phoneme

what does phonotactics study?

where sounds can occur in a word or syllable

phonotactic rules in language describe: 

which sound sequences can occur in different positions

which of the following could be an English-like word according to English phonotactic rules?

[mbaka]

[fruglaɪt]

[ŋato]

[tsɑ]

[tægnɪsp]

[fruglaɪt] and [tægnɪsp]

what does phonotactics guide in a language?

number and type of consonants and vowels that can combine to form a syllable

the example hippopotamus (CV, CV, CV, CV, CVC) illustrates phonotactic rules about:

the number of syllables that can occur within a word

how do phonotactic rules affect consonant clusters in a language?

they guide the number, type, and locations of consonants that can appear together

phonotactic constraints determine the presence or absence of what types of sounds in a language?

final consonants, diphthongs, and triphthongs

how do phonotactic rules influence pronunciation beyond single words?

they shape phrase- and sentence-level pronunciation effects

why is splint an acceptable English word by Ipsitn is not?

because splint follows english phonotactic rules for consonant clusters, while Isptn does not

according to English phonotactic rules, what must the first sound be in a three consonant word initial cluster?

/s/

in a three consonant word-initial cluster, what sounds are allowed in the second position?

/p, t, k/

in a three consonant word initial cluster, what sounds are allowed in the third position?

/l, ɹ, w, j/

in English the shortest syllable that can be produced is a…

vowel

in English the longest syllable that can be produced is…

CCCVCCCC (as in the word strengths /stɹɛŋkθs/)

english syllable shapes can be described as:

C_(o-3)VC_(0-4)

consonants in english disyllabic words can be described according to:

their position in a word

how can constraints in English disyllabic words be described based on their position in a word?

word-initial, within word (medial), and word-final

what does the term word-initial describe?

consonant at the beginning of a word

what does word-final describe?

a consonant that appears at the end of a word

what does the abbreviation SIWI stand for in phonological description?

syllable-initial word-initial

what does SFWW refer to?

syllable-final within word

what does SIWW mean?

syllable-initial within word

what does SFWF describe?

syllable-final word-final

in the word /beɪsbɔl/ (“baseball”), the /b/ sound is an example of which type of position?

syllable-initial within word (SIWW)?

phoneme

smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other such units, to establish word meanings and distinguish between them. 

why are /m/ and /b/ considered distinct phonemes in English?

substituting for the other changes a word’s meaning

in the words mat and bat, what linguistic difference causes a change in meaning?

the consonant phoneme at the beginning of the word

what does the term speech sound refer to in phonetic terms?

an allophonic variation of a phoneme

how does an allophonic variation differ from a phoneme?

an allophone represents a physical variation of a phoneme’s pronunciation that does not change meaning

speech sounds can be described as having two forms which are:

articulatory (phonetic) and linguistic forms

what does articulatory (phonetic) form of a speech sound represent?

the sound as it is physically produced through articulation

what does the linguistic form of a speech sound represent?

the way a sound functions in a language and the rules governing sound combinations

what is another name for the articulatory form of speech sounds?

surface form

what kind of information does the linguistic (mental) form of a speech sound include?

the sounds and sound combinations that are permissible in a language

what is another name for the linguistic form of speech sounds?

mental form

how are speech sounds represented in transcription?

between brackets [ ]

how are phonemes represented in transcription?

between slashes (virgules) / /

during transcription, what represents the speech sounds in brackets?

the sound that is physically produced, regardless of the language

what does the symbol [ʘ] represent?

bilabial click (made by smacking lips)

The symbol [ʘ] represents a bilabial click. What does this mean in terms of English phonology?

it is not a phoneme in English but may be produced by children when learning English speech sounds or used as a substitute sound

why are /p/ and /b/ considered phonemes in English?

substituting one for the other can denote change in a word’s meaning

what does the use of slashes // around a sound indicate?

a phoneme that has a specific meaning function within a language

articulation disorder

difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech or as an inability to produce certain speech sounds

true or false: in the past all speech sound disorders were considered to be articulation disorders

true

phonological disorder

impaired system of phonemes and phoneme patterns

why is a phonological disorder considered a language disorder?

because phonology is part of the broader language system

how does a phonological disorder reflect the influence of linguistics on communication disorders?

it shows how understanding sound systems helps explain language-based speech problems

what other areas of language development are often delayed in children with phonological disorders?

lexical (vocabulary) and syntactic development

a child who has difficulty organizing and using sounds correctly in words is most likely showing signs of what type of disorder?

phonological disorder

speech sound disorder

oral, verbal communication that is so deviant form the norm population that it is noticeable or interferes with communication

examples of a speech sound disorder includes: 

frontal lisp or vowelization of syllable final /l/

about what percentage of 3 year old children have a speech sound disorder?

15%

approximately what percentage of school age children have speech sound disorders?

5-10%

what percentage of children with speech sound disorders are estimated to need intervention services?

80%

why do most children with speech sound disorders require services rather than “growing out of it?”

because only a few children naturally outgrow these difficulties without intervention

children with speech sound disorders make up what portion of a school speech language pathologist caseload?

56%

what percentage of children with speech sound disorders are at risk for academic or literacy difficulties?

50-70%

why are children with speech sound disorders at risk for literacy problems?

they often struggle to map sounds to letters for early reading and word decoding

articulation disorders are _______ in nature.

phonetic

phonological disorders are ________ in nature.

phonemic

phonological disorders result in: 

system wide disturbances

articulation disorders involve:

relatively few sounds

what must a syllable contain?

a vowel or a syllabic consonant

what part of the syllable does the vowel typically form?

the nucleus

what is the onset of a syllable?

all consonants that precede the vowel

what is the rime of a syllable?

the vowel and all consonants that come after it

what is the coda in a syllable?

all consonants after the vowel

how can an onset or coda be structured in English?

as a single consonant or a consonant cluster

in the syllable ski, what is the onset, rime, and coda?

coda = no coda

rime = i

onset = sk

in the syllable it, what is the onset, rime, and coda?

onset = none

rime = it

coda = t

what factors contribute to the development of phonetic universals?

ease of perception, ease of production, and organizational principles

what primarily causes phonetic universals to exist across languages?

human physiological restrictions

what are some sounds considered universally perferred?

they are easier for humans to perceive and produce

when are universally preferred sounds typically acquired in children?

during early stages of language acquisition

how do phonetic universals influence early speech development?

children tend to learn simpler, physiologically easier sounds first

in words with more than one syllable, what happens to one of the syllables?

it is produced with the greatest force or muscular effort

what is the term for the greater emphasis placed on one syllable within a word?

word stress

how is stress typically expressed in speech?

through greater loudness, pitch, or duration

in single-syllable words, how is stress assigned?

the single syllable automatically carries stress

why is word stress important in spoken language?

it can help distinguish between words and convey meaning

compared to unstressed syllables, vowels in stressed syllables are typically:

longer, higher in pitch, and louder

when children learn new words, what must they acquire besides the individual phonemes?

the word’s stress pattern

why is learning stress patterns important for children acquiring language?

it helps them sound natural and intelligible 

in the IPA, certain symbols are used to indicate:

the syllable that receives primary stress

what does primary stress refer to?

the syllable produced with the greatest emphasis

as native speakers of American English, how do we typically handle word stress?

we use correct stress naturally but rarely identify it consistently 

why might identifying stressed syllables be challenging for English speakers?

we use stress intuitively, not analytically