Micro-Eukaryotes

not as organized as prokaryotic capsules, help anchor animal cells to each other, strengthens cell surface (no penetration), provides protection against dehydration, and function in cell-to-cell recognition and communication

glycocalyces

animal cells are composed of:

fungi, algae, plants, and have cell walls

cellulose found in plant cell walls, fungal cell walls composed of cellulose, algal cell walls composed of a variety of polysaccharides

eukaryotic cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes

all eukaryotic cells have what?

cytoplasmic membranes

these contain steroid lipids to help maintain fluidity, contains regions of lipids and proteins called membrane rafts, controls movement into and out of cell, and are a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins

cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotic cells

active transport is found only in what?

eukaryotes

substances are surrounded by pseudopods and brought into the cell. Phagocytosis involves solid substances, pinocytosis involves liquids.

endocytosis: phagocytosis and pinocytosis (active transport)

vesicles containing substance are fused with cytoplasmic membrane, dumping their contents to the outside

exocytosis (active transport)

this is within the cytoplasmic membrane, shaft composed of tubulin-arranged to form microtubules, filaments anchored to cell by basal body; no hook, may be single cell or multiple; generally found at pole of cell. FUNCTION: do not rotate but undulate rhythmically

flagella of eukaryotes

shorter and more numerous than flagella, coordinated beating propels cells through their environment, used to move substances past the surface of the cell, helps move things outside of cell

cilia of eukaryotes

what is the direction of motion of flagella?

wave-like

what is the direction of motion of cilia?

circle motion

nonmembranous organelles of eukaryotes are:

ribosomes and the cytoskeleton

larger than prokaryotic ribosomes, produce proteins

ribosomes (nonmembranous organelle of eukaryotes)

extensive network of fibers and tubules, anchor organelles, produces basic shape of the cell-keeps organelles in place, made up of tubulin microtubules, actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments

cytoskeleton (nonmembranous organelles)

play a role in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cilia

centrioles

region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found

centrosomes

centrioles and centrosomes are found where?

in all eukaryotic cells

often largest organelle in cell, contains cell’s DNA, has a semiliquid portion called nucleoplasm (contains chromatin), RNA synthesized in nucleoli present in nucleoplasm, surrounded by nuclear envelope (contains nuclear pores)

nucleus (membranous organelle)

Nucleus, ER, golgi body, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicles mitochondria, chloroplasts

the membranous organelle in a eukaryote cell

netlike arrangement of flattened, hollow tubules continuous with the nuclear envelope, functions as a transport system.

endoplasmic reticulum

what are the two forms of ER?

smooth and rough (AYEEEEE)

receives from ER then processes, and packages large molecules for export from cell, packages molecules in secretory vesicles that fuse with cytoplasmic membrane, composed of flattened hollow sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayer, not in all eukaryotic cells

golgi body

How is a protein trafficked in the cell? Where is it made and then where does it go and in what order?

made in the rough ER, goes to golgi body then it’s released in vesicle, it can go to another place within the cell or be excreted from the cell by exocytosis

these store and transfer chemicals within cells, may store nutrients in cell, lysosomes contain catabolic enzymes, peroxisomes contain enzymes that degrade poisonous wastes

lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicles

have two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer, produce most of cell’s ATP (energy), have their own DNA called mitochondrial DNA

mitochondria (POWERHOUSE)

light-harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes, use light energy to produce ATP, have two phospholipid bilayer membranes and DNA

chloroplasts

eukaryotes were potentially formed from prokaryotes, what supports this?

endosymbiotic theory

eukaryotes formed form union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes, smaller prokaryotes become internal parasites, parasites lost ability to exist independently, larger cells become dependent on parasites for aerobic ATP production, aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria

endosymbiotic theory