exam 4 cards

ecology, populations, species interactions

___________ are the nonliving components of the environment

abiotic

above-ground biomass is the ______ mass of aboveground ______ plants per area

total, living

the ________ zone is the deepest part of the ocean at depths of 4000 m or greater

abyssal

an algal _______ is a rapid increase of ______ in an aquatic system

bloom, algae

the _______ _______ is the part of the ocean where no _____ penetrates

aphotic zone, light

An __________model is an ecosystem model that is created with mathematical formulas to predict the effects of environmental __________on ecosystem structure and dynamics

Analytical, disturbances

A _____ predator is an organism at the ____ of the food chain

Apex, top

__________ is the biomass consumed and assimilated from the ________ trophic level after accounting for the energy ____ due to incomplete ______ of food, energy used for ______, and energy lost as _____

Assimilation, previous, lost, ingestion, respiration, waste

A ______________ cycle is the cycling of _____ nutrients through ecosystems and through the __________ world

Biogeochemical, mineral, nonliving

_________ is increasing concentrations of persistent, _____ substances in organisms at each trophic level, from the primary producers to the apex consumers

Biomagnification, toxic

_______ is the total _____, at the time of measurement, of living or previously living organisms in a unit area within a trophic level

Biomass weight

A _______ is an organism capable of synthesizing its own _____ using energy from _______ molecules

Chemoautotroph, food, inorganic

A _______ model is an ecosystem model that consists of flow charts that show the _______ of different compartments of the ______and nonliving components of the ecosystem

Conceptual, interactions, living

A ______ zone is an area within an ecosystem in lakes and near the mouths of rivers where large areas of ecosystems are ________ of their normal flora and fauna; these zones can be caused by________, ____spills, dumping of ____ chemicals, and other ______activities

Dead, depleted, eutrophication, oil, toxic, human

A ______ food web is a type of food web in which the primary consumers consist of _______; these are often associated with grazing food webs within the same ecosystem

Detrital, decomposers

A ___________ pyramid is the graphical representation of different trophic levels in an ecosystem based of organism numbers, biomass, or energy content

ecological

An _______ is a community of living organisms and their interactions with their _______ environment

Ecosystem, abiotic

Ecosystem ______ is the study of the changes in ecosystem structure caused by changes in the __________ or _____ forces

Dynamics, environment, internal

________ is the process whereby ____ runoff causes the ______ growth of microorganisms, ______ dissolved oxygen levels and killing ecosystem fauna

Eutrophication, nutrient, excess, depleting

_____ is the direct deposit of solid minerals on land or in the ocean from the atmosphere

fallout

A ___ chain is the linear representation of a chain of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics

food

A _____ web is a graphic representation of a holistic, nonlinear web of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics

food

A ______ food web is a type of food web in which the ______ producers are either plants on land or phytoplankton in the water; often associated with a _____ food web within the same ecosystem

Grazing, primary, detrital

______ primary productivity is the rate at which _________primary producers incorporate energy from the ____

gross, photosynthetic, sun

A ________ ecosystem model is a study that attempts to quantify the composition, ______, and dynamics of entire ecosystems; often ______by economic and logistical difficulties, depending on the ecosystem

Holistic, interactions, limited

The ________ is the area of earth where water movement and _____ occurs

Hydrosphere, storage

The ______ is a portion of a natural ecosystem to be used for ______

Mesocosm, experiments

________ is a re-creation of natural ecosystems entirely in a ____ environment to be used for experiments

Microcosm, lab

Net _______ productivity is the energy content available to the organisms of the ____ trophic level

Consumer, next

Net_______ productivity is the energy that remains in the primary _______ after accounting for the organisms’ respiration and ____ loss

Primary, producer, heat

Net _______ efficiency (NPE) is the measure of the ability of a trophic level to convert the _____ it receives from the previous trophic level into ______

Primary, energy, biomass

A _______ resource is a resource, such as fossil fuel, that is either regenerated very _____ or not at all

Nonrenewable, slowly

A primary ______ is a trophic level that obtains its energy from the primary _______ of an ecosystem

Consumer, producers

A primary _____ is a trophic level that obtains its energy from ______, _______ chemicals, or _____ and/or decaying organic material

Producer, sunlight, inorganic, dead

_______ time is the measure of the average time an individual water molecule stays in a particular ______

Residence, reservoir

______ (ecological) is the speed at which an ecosystem recovers _______after being disturbed

Resilience, equilibrium

______(ecological) is the ability of an ecosystem to ____ at equilibrium in spite of disturbances

Resistance, remain

A ______ consumer is usually a carnivore that eats primary consumers

secondary

A _________ model is an ecosystem model that is created with ______ programs to holistically model ecosystems and to ____ the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystem structure and dynamics

Simulation, computer, predict

_____ is the movement of one tectonic plate ______ another

Subduction, beneath

A _________ consumer is a carnivore that eats other carnivores

Tertiary

A _______ level is the position of a species or group of species in a food chain or a food web

trophic

The _______ level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is the energy transfer efficiency between two ________ trophic levels

Trophic, successive

_____ radiation is the rapid branching through speciation of a phylogenetic tree into many ______ related species

Adaptive, closely

_________ is the variety of a biological system, typically conceived as the number of _______, but also applying to genes, biochemistry, and ecosystems

Biodiversity, species

A _____ meat is a wild-caught animal used as food (typically mammals, birds, and reptiles); usually referring to ________ in the tropics of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas

Bush, hunting

________ diversity is the variety of metabolic compounds in an ecosystem

Chemical

_________ is a disease of ________ caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; thought to be a major cause of the global amphibian decline

Chytridiomycosis, amphibians

DNA _______ is a molecular genetic method for identifying a unique genetic sequence to associate with a _______

Barcoding, species

________ diversity is the variety of ecosystems

ecosystem

________ species are native to one place

endemic

_________ species are species that has been _______ to an ecosystem in which it did not evolve

Exotic, introduced

_______ is the disappearance of a species from Earth; local extinction is the disappearance of a species from a region

Extinction

The _____ rate is the number of species becoming extinct over time, sometimes defined as extinctions per million species–years to make numbers manageable (E/MSY)

Extinction

__________ diversity is the variety of ______ in a species or other taxonomic group or ecosystem, the term can refer to allelic diversity or genome-wide diversity

Genetic, genes

_________ is the number of ecological niches

Heterogeneity

________ are large animals

Megafauna

_______ plant compound is a compound produced as byproducts of plant metabolic processes that is usually ______, but is sequestered by the plant to _____ against herbivores

Secondary, toxic, defend

_________-_____ relationship is the relationship between area surveyed and number of species encountered; typically measured by incrementally increasing the area of a survey and determining the cumulative numbers of species

Species, area

______ of the commons is a economic principle that resources held in common will inevitably be _________

Tragedy, overexploited

_____-nose syndrome is a disease of cave-hibernating bats in the eastern United States and Canada associated with the fungus Geomyces destructans

white

A ____ structure is the proportion of population members at specific age ranges

age

_______ display is a visual display by a species member to _______ other members of the same species or different species

Aggressive, discourage

______ coloration is a warning coloration used as a ______ mechanism against predation

Aposematic, defense

_______ mimicry is a type of mimicry where a non-harmful species takes on the warning colorations of a _____ one

Bastesian, harmful

_____ is the change in an organism’s activities in response to a stimulus

Behavior

_______ biology is the study of the biology and ________ of behavior

Behavioral, evolution

_____ potential (r-max) is the maximal potential growth rate of a species

biotic

____ rate (B) is the number of births within a population at a specific point in time

birth

_________ is used to avoid detection by ________ in with the background

Camouflage, blending

_______ capacity (K) is the number of individuals of a species that can be supported by the ______ resources of a habitat

Carrying, limited

_________ conditioning is the association of a specific stimulus and response through conditioning

classical

_______ community is the final stage of _____ final stage of succession, where a stable community is formed by a characteristic assortment of plant and animal species

Climax, succession

______ learning is the knowledge and _____ acquired by the manipulation of information in the mind

Cognitive, skills

__________ is the relationship between species wherein one species _______ from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other species neither benefits nor is harmed

Commensalism, benefits

________ exclusion principle is when no two species within a habitat can ______ when they compete for the same resources at the same place and time

Competitive, coexist

______ behavior is behavior that becomes associated with a specific stimulus through conditioning

Conditioned

______ display is a visual display used to attract a mate

courtship

____ rate (D) is the number of deaths within a population at a specific point in time

death

_________-based population model is a modern model of population dynamics incorporating many features of the ___- and ___-selection theory

Demographic, r, K

__________ is the statistical study of changes in populations over time

Demography

Density-________ regulation is the regulation of population that is influenced by population density, such as crowding effects; usually involves _____ factors

Dependent, biotic

Density-_________ regulation is the regulation of populations by factors that operate independent of population density, such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions; usually involves ______ factors

Independent, abiotic

________ display is a visual display used to distract predators away from a ______ site

Distraction, nesting

________/Mertensian mimicry is a type of mimicry where a harmful species resembles a _____ harmful one

Emsleyan, less

An _____ budget is the allocation of energy resources for _____ maintenance, reproduction, and parental ____

Energy, body, care

____________ disturbance is a change in the environment caused by natural _______or _______ activities

Environmental, disasters, human

_____ is the biological study of animal behavior

Ethology

_______ growth is the accelerating growth pattern seen in species under conditions where resources are not ______

Exponential, limiting

_______ is the potential reproductive capacity of an individual

Fecundity

____ action pattern is a series of instinctual behaviors that, once initiated, always goes to ________ regardless of changes in the environment

Fixed, completion

_______ are behaviors species use to find food

Foraging

A _________ species is a species which often forms the_______ structural portion of the habitat

Foundation, major

_________ is the ability of a species to ______ repeated stimuli that have no consequence

Habituation, ignore

A ___ is the organism a parasite lives on

host

________ is the identification of parents by newborns as the first organism they see after ______

Imprinting, birth

_______ behavior is the instinctual behavior that is not altered by changes in the ______

Innate, environment

_________ selection is the selection of a desirable mate of the opposite sex

Intersexual

_______ competition is the competition ________ species for resources in a _____ habitat or environment

Interspecific, between, shared

__________ competition is the competition between members of the _____ species

Intraspecific, same