Cerebellar and Brainstem and cranial n. and peripheral n. Disease... oh my

What are some diseases that affect the cerebellum.

cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar abiotrophy, hereditary hypermetria, storage diseases (sometimes)

What two things are linked with cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle?

BVDV, Bluetongue

Calves will get cerebellar or CNS lesions if their mother is infected with BVDV WHEN?

110 to 180 days mid gestation

What disease should you think of when animals are born with, or quickly develop cerebellar signs after birth?

hereditary hypermetria

true/false: in utero, if something disrupts the formation of nervous tissue, it's gone for life.

true

What cells does BVDV infect in utero that leads to CNS and cerebellar signs?

germinal cells/perkinje cells

Weird backwards question:

What are some things that are still NORMAL in a calf that is born with cerebellar hypoplasia?

mentation, appetite, strength, proprioception

Okay, now what are the ABNORMAL signs in a calf with cerebellar hypoplasia?

Ataxia, hypermetria, head tilt, nystagmus, altered tone, absent menace

______________: another cause of cerebellar signs, stems from toxins associated with eating contaminated forage.

grass staggers

true/false: grass staggers is another name for grass tetany

false; grass tetany is from hypomagnesium, he was pretty adamant they are NOT the same.

Which toxin do most grass staggers cases come from?

(I dont think he wanted us to memorize the chart with all the types of grass and toxins, but If you want to here's your warning that it exists)

Claviceps fungi (C. toxicus, C. paspali, C. cynodontis)

what are 3 clinical signs of grass staggers?

And these signs WORSEN with ____________________>

trembling, stiffened gait, hypermetria, excitement

What can be done to treat grass staggers?

removal from pasture

What can be done to prevent grass staggers

Test grass/seeds, mow seed heads, raking, burning/spraying/reseeding

Do cattle recover from grass staggers?

If so, how long does it take?

yes, weeks to months

What are some diseases in cattle that affect the brainstem?

listeriosis, otitis media/interna, ear mite infestations, horners syndrome

What are some clinical signs associated with brainstem disorders?

Cranial nerve disorders, mentation MIIIGHT be affected

Which bacteria is a linked to growth in cold temperatures and only needing a very small number of bacteria to cause infection?

Listeria monocytogenes

Listeriosis causes __________ and __________ in humans but mainly just _________ in cows

Abortion, sepsis, neuro

Why does listeriosis cause neuro disease in cows? (what is the mechanism of the disease)

Because it causes unilateral brainstem microabscessation

True/false: Listeriosis is often diagnosed after large outbreaks in a herd signal an underlying issue

False; it is a disease of individuals typically, outbreaks are rare

Healthy carriers of listeria shed the bacteria how?

Feces

Listeria grows where? (typically)

Rotting vegetation

Listeriosis begins with an abrasion of _________, then entry of the bacteria and travel through the ___________, then migration to the ________ where it causes microabscessation

Oral mucosa, cranial nerve, brainstem

What are the clinical signs of listeriosis?

initial fever, then dullness, depression, cranial nerve signs

Which cranial nerves will you see abnormal signs from in cases of listeriosis?

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII

re the cranial nerve signs that acompany listeria typically bilateral or unilateral?

unilateral

What are the specific CN V clinical signs with listeriosis?

facial hypalgesia, dropped jaw, dysphagia

What are some clinical signs of listeriosis that come specifically from CN VII

drooped ears/lips/eyelids, nasal deviation, absent menace

What are the specific CN VIII clinical signs with listeriosis?

circling, head tilt, nystagmus, general loss of balance

What are the specific CN IX and X clinical signs with listeriosis?

pharyngeal paresis, dysphagia, LOSS OF SALIVA

Why is the loss of saliva such a big deal for cows?

dehydration and loss of phosphorus and bicarbonate leads to acid rumen

What are the specific CN XII clinical signs with listeriosis?

unilateral tongue paresis, dysphagia

What is the OFFICIAL diagnosis for listeriosis? (First one is the MAIN one and then two more diagnostics also)

CSF with mononuclear pleocytosis and mildly elevated protein, and/or culture of microabcesses in brainstem and immunohistochemistry

Practically speaking though... how do you diagnosis listeriosis?

clinical signs and response to treatment

What is the general treatment for listeriosis?

fluids, bicarb (for acidosis), antibiotics, good footing/environments

What is the traditional first choice antibiotic for listeriosis?

Several may be effective though so give me three more antibiotics to use

procaine penicillin G, Potassium penicillin, Oxytetracycline, Florfenicol

_____________: inflammation of the middle ear

otitis media

What bacteria is most commonly associated with otitis media in dairy calves?

myoplasma bovis

Which bacteria are associated with otitis media in feedlot steers?

histophilus somni, pasteurella multocida, mannheimia hemolytica

true/false: Often there are no outside signs of an ear infection with otitis media, but once those signs appear it is very difficult to treat

true

Otitis media is typically associated with ____________________ and/or _________________

respiratory disease, feeding waste milk

What are some diseases affecting the spinal cord?

(there are 7... don't worry too much, this is mostly to signal a transition in topics for the quizlet)

spinal lymphosarcoma, vertebral osteomyelitis, trauma, spastic paresis/paralysis, botulism, tetanus, aberrant parasite migration

Where are spinal lymphosarcomas typically located?

extradural and lumbosacral

what infection is a spinal lymphosarcoma typically associated with?

BLV

What is the main clinical sign of spinal lymphosarcoma

hindlimb paresis to paralysis (dog sit)

What is the name of the spinal disease that comes from an autosomal recessive trait and causes marked asymmetric spasticity and hypermetria of the hindlimbs

Spastic paresis/Elso Heel

spastic paresis/elso heel causes a marked asymmetric _______ and ________ in which legs?

AND a progressive CONTRACTION of which muscle?

This is because control of the __________ nerve is gone and causes the legs to stay straight.

spasticity, hypermetria, gastrocnemius, tibial

What is the best treatment for spastic paralysis/Elso heel?

euthanasia (surgery possible but...)

inherited periodic spasticity or ____________________ is an autosomal recessive trait that causes episodes where the legs are held in rigid extension.

barn cramps/spastic syndrome

Inherited periodic spasticity is mainly seen in ______ breed cows and [older/younger] animals

dairy, older (3-7 years)

Tetanus is caused by ________ and usually affects [whole herds/individuals]

Is the vaccine recommended in cattle?

clostridium tetani, individuals, no

How long after inoculation do tetanus signs occur?

2-4 weeks

The first signsof tetanus are )________ and __________ which progress into other more intense signs like: (5 other things)

vague stiffness, lameness, mild bloat, elevated tail, lips retracted, sawhorse stance, lockjaw

Why does every muscle in the body start to contract when an animal has tetanus? (general)

inhibitor neurons in the spinal cord stop working

What typically causes a clostridium tetani infection to proliferate?

puncture wounds, band castration, metritis

What are the two types of clostridium tetani endotoxins

tetanolysin, tetanospasmin

We didnt get a mechanism of action for tetanolysin but tetanospasmin acts on __________ part of the _______ end plates that provide retrograde axonal support to the ____________. The toxin affects ______ cells and inhibits the release of ___________.

presynaptic, motor, spinal cord, renshaw, GABA

What are some of the parts of a treatment plan for tetanus?

muscle relaxation, eliminate infection, neutralize unbound toxin, hydrate,

Whatever tetanus toxin is already in the spinal cord CANNOT be reached by antibiotics. So you've gotta wait it out.

It takes how long to leave the system?

7 days

Vertebral body osteomyelitis causes spinal _________, hematogenous infection of _________, sequestrum, and bone ________ and __________

abscesses, bone, microfractures, remodeling

vertebral body osteomyelitis is found in animals that are on lots of __________

grain

true/false: you cannot tell what vertebral body osteomyelitis is clinically, and it would require lots of further testing and then long term antibiotics

true

There are also diseases that affect peripheral nerves... list some of the nerves they might affect:

(again... mostly to show a transition in topics lmao)

femoral, radial, sciatic (tibial/peroneal), obturator, suprascapular

femoral nerve damage is more common in [young/old] cows and is commonly associated with _______

young, dystocia (fetus locked at the hips)

what are some differential diagnostics for femoral nerve damage?

femoral shaft fracture, slipped capital epiphysis

Radial nerve damage is often due to what? Specifically where?

trauma lateral aspect of the elbow

there is both low and high radial nerve paralysis, which one is associated with "walking on the dorsum of the fetlock"

low

there is both low and high radial nerve paralysis, which one is associated with "dropped elbow, failure of limb retraction, unable to bear weight"

high

The sciatic nerve innervates the extensors of the _______, the flexors of the _______ and most of the muscles of the _________.

hip, stifle, lower hindlimb

sciatic nerve damage occurs most commonly with _______________________

dystocia/calving parlysis

the peronal nerve is exposed where?

So damage to it is typically seen in cattle who are __________ or _________

lateral condyle of the fibula, slipping on bad floors, recumbent cattle

The peroneal nerve is in charge of what motion?

flexion of the fetlock

obturator nerve innervates what?

And damaged is associated with what?

adductors of the limb, dystocia

What is important for management of peripheral nerve disorders?

Nursing care,Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs and dexamethasone), Exercise

there is both low and high radial nerve paralysis, which one is associated with "dropped elbow, failure of limb retraction, unable to bear weight"