Botany Final 1 semester

agriculture

planting crops and raising live stock

Hunter gatherer

early humans following the food.

tilling

preping land for cultivation, a type of cultivation.

irrigation

the supply of water to land or crops to help growth,

3 field technique

crop rotation, change every harvest.

how did food surplus affect human lifestyles

made preservation techniques and storage.

why is the three field technique nesessary.

it helps prevent crop failure as over time the plants strip the grounds nutrients.

what and where was the agriculture revolution

in England, there was an incress in farming inventions, crop yields, improved roads, clering land.

what and when was the age of power? what problem did it make?

in the 1950s Gasoline and electric powered machines increase. It led to more bugs

What and when was the Green Revolution? whos associated with it?

in the 1950s-60s there was an increase in crop production world wide by normal borlaug.

Horse drawn seed drill

jethro tull

1701

Helped plant seeds in thr ground

Cotton gin

Eli whitney

1793

divided and separated cotton

mechanical reaper

cyrus mcormic

1831

cuts and piles the plants

horsepowered thrasher

Andrew michael

1787

horse in a circle turns machine cutting into the dirt

cultivation

preping land for farming

aqueduct

an artificial canal for conveying water typically in the form of a bridge across a valley. type of irrigation

how did agricukture provide an advantage over hunting and gathering

it allowed humans to farm in permanente settlements

the 4 significant impacts agriclture had on human history

1. made the number tracking system

2. transport foods

3. more expeditions

4. large groups stayed together.

what technology did the mesopatamians develop

the aquaducts

steel plow

John deere

1837

plow cuts and lifts soil

cell wall

extra support, shapes and protects

photosynthesis

whne plants produce their own gluclose

Cloroplast

Turns plants green and helps with photosynthesis

central vacual

stores material within plant cells

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen

light-dependent reactions

1 half of photosynthesis, produces glucose and atp.

thylakoids

light that breaks down water into H2O and oxygen

stroma

fluid of chloroplast outside of thyllakoid

calvin cycle

2nd half of photosynthesis that makes sugar

haqploiddiplontism

alteration of generations between haploid and diploid

haploid

N, cells w/ one set of chromosomes

Diploid

2n, 2 sets of chromosomes

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing

meiosis

forms haploid spores

gametophyte

haploid produces gamertes

mitosis

forms haploid gametes

gametes

reproductive cells (sperm and egg)

taproot

one large primary root w/ small ones branching off

fibrus root system

many equally sized roots

primary growth

stem grows longer and taller

secondary growth

stem grows thicker

transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

what are the three key differences between plant and animal cells? how do they help plant?

1. plants have cell wall- support plant

2. plants' photosynthesis- gives food

3. plants have large central vacuole- storage

what is the purpose of photosynthesis

to make glucose

first half of photosynthesis

light depependent reaction, gets light from sun, in the chlorophyll and thylakoids.

secound half of photosynthesis

light-independent reaction, makesw glucose,

3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

light- can have too little of light

Carbon dioxide- to little of it

temperature- to low or to high.

life cycle of plants

using haploidiplontism, gametophyte--> gametes--> sporophyte--> spores-->back to gametophytes

3 functions of a root.

1. hold soil in place

2. hold plant in place

3. absorb water

what root system is better for holding soil in place

fibrus root system

3 functions of stems

1. transports nutrients

2. support plants

3. protection

leaves are the main location of __________

photosynthesis

what and where is dermal tissue

protective outer covering, every part of the outside plant.

what is vascular tissue

supports and transports nurients, xylem and phloem

what is ground tissue

produces and store sugar, supports plant

hydroponics

plants growing without solid media

media

rock, sand, rockwool, combination,

Aquaponics

aquaculture and hydroponics

aeroponics

plant roots hanging in the air

lean and lower

coiling of vinning plants to maintain space

substrate

supporting material or base on which a plant can grow

buffering capacity

messure of effecincy a substrate resists PH change

porosity

amount of open space that allows air exchange

water holding capacity

amount of water held

cation exchange capacity

amount of sats/ions it can store

2 pros and 2 cons of hydroponics

pros: low maintenece, automated

cons: attracts bugs, regular cleaning

what chemical do fish give off? what is it changed too? and changed again? by who?

Amonia-->Nitrite--> nitrate By bacteria