Bio molecules unit 1

Define monomer

Define monomer

Small molecules that combine to form a larger one ( polymer)

Define polymer

Large molecule made up of small repeating units ( monomer)

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides ( sugar)

What is the polymer for carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

What is the monomer for proteins ?

Amino acids

What is the polymer for proteins ?

Polypeptide

What is the monomer for nucleic acids ?

Nucleotide

What is the polymer for nucleic acids ?

DNA or RNA

What is a condensation reaction ?

The joining of two molecules that creates a chemical bond. A water molecule is removed

What is a hydrolysis reaction ?

The breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules, using a water molecule.

What are the monosaccharides for carbohydrates?

• glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

What are the disaccharides of carbohydrates?

• maltose

• Sucrose

• Lactose

What are the polysaccharides of carbohydrates?

• Starch

• Cellulose

• Glycogen

Draw alpha and beta glucose

Alpha- H up , beta OH up, Oxygen on top too

In carbohydrates, disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides. What bond is formed between them both ?

• glycosidic bond.

How is a glycosidic bond formed ?

Through a condensation reaction.

Complete the comparison table of polysaccharides in one note.

Yay.

What are triglycerides and phospholipids?

Lipids

Describe the structure of a triglyceride and draw it out ?

• 3 fatty acids

• 1 glycerol

Each fatty acid forms …… ………… bonds with glycerol

• 3 ester

Describe how a triglyceride molecule is formed ?

By a condensation reaction between the glycerol and the three fatty acids. Forming 3 ester bonds between the hydrogen on the fatty acid and the OH in the glycerol. This produces 3 water molecules as a product.

Make sure to always include ………….. as a product in condensation reactions

Water

How does the structure of the triglycerides relate to its properties ?

• Large ratio of C-H atoms; so good source of energy

• Large ratio of H-O atoms; release water when oxidised. This is essential for animals that live in the dessert.

• Large and non-polar; insoluble in water, so don’t affect water potential.

• Low mass to energy ratio; lots of energy can be stores in a small volume

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids ?

• saturated has no double bonds between carbon atoms

• Unsaturated has double bonds between carbon atoms

What state is saturated lipids at room temp ?

Solid ( s for solid and saturated)

What state is unsaturated lipids at room temp ?

Liquid

The double bond in a lipid causes a kink. How does it affect the molecule ?

• lipid cant pack as close together, thats why unsaturated lipids are liquids.

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

• 2 fatty acids

• 1 glycerol

• 1 phosphate group

Describe the similarities and differences between triglycerides & phospholipids

Similarities:

• ester bond formed through a condensation reaction.

• Both have fatty acids and glycerol

Differences:

• phospholipids have 2 fatty acids, triglycerides have 3 fatty acids

• Phospholipids replace a fatty acids for a phosphate molecule

Properties of phospholipids in terms of polar & non-polar.

• polar heads, hydrophilic which means water loving

• Non-polar tails, hydrophobic which means water hating.

• This creates a phospholipid bilayer.

Properties of proteins are determined by what ?

• sequence of amino acids

Are enzymes proteins ?

Yes

Draw the structure of an amino acid

Yay

How are two amino acids joined together ?

Via a condensation reaction , with water being released

What is the bond called that is formed between amino acids ?

Peptide bond

Two amino acids joined together is called a ………….

Dipeptide

Describe how a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids to form a dipeptide ?

A peptide bond is formed by a condensation reaction between the H in the amine group and the OH in the carbonyl group. Which releases one molecule of water as a product.

How are polypeptide chains formed ?

• multiple amino acids joined together by condensation reactions.

A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded together into a specific 3D shape.

I understand

Describe the primary structure of a protein

• the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

• This determines the shape and function of the protein

• Every protein has a different sequence of amino acids

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

• sequence of amino acids causes the protein to be further folded into a alpha helix or beta pleated sheets.

• This is held together by hydrogen bonds, between the C=O in the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the H in the amine group of another amino acid.

• Several hydrogen bonds form collective strength

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

• further folding of secondary structure

• To form a unique 3D shape

• Which is held together by ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bonds

• Ionic bonds form between carboxyl and amino groups.

• Hydrogen bonds form throughout

• Disulphide bonds occur in R group ( sulfur and sulfur)

Hydrogen, disulphide, ionic. Strongest to weakest ??

Disulphide, hydrogen, ionic

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

• protein made up of more than one polypeptide chain

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Define biological catalysts:

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up itself or undergoing any permanent changes.

What is activation energy ?

The energy required to start a reaction.

How do enzymes affect activation energy ?

Enzymes lower the activation energy so that the reaction occurs quicker or at a lower temperature.