Chapter 13 - Plant Kingdom: Processes

The proper order for the movement of water in plants?

Water comes in through the root hair, root, xlyem, and then the stomata.

What are some parts of the roots?

root tip, root cap, epidermis, xylem, and root hairs

guard cells

regulate the size of the somata

What could happen if the cells malfunction?

The plant might suffer excessive water loss.

palisade layer

Made up of tall, thin, closely packed cells and is under the upper epidermis

What are plant hormones used for?

kill weeds, control fruit ripening, and for root cuttings.

What do nearly all plant CELLS have in common?

They carry on aerobic cellular repiration.

What things do plants store for their energy?

SUGAR and if they have a lot of sugar, they store the rest as STARCH. Some plants also convert the sugar to LIPIDS. So, plants can store energy as sugar, starch or lipids.

vascular cambium

a growth region in plants between the plant’s xylem and phloem.

What does a plant’s stem exhibit (show)?

negative gravitropism

How do plants move?

One of the most typical ways that plants move is through a process known as phototropism. Essentially, they move and grow toward the light.

phytochrome

proteins that respond to LIGHT.

tropisms

a growth response of plants to their ENVIRONMENT.

negative tropisms

a plant’s response of growing away from a factor

positive tropism

a plant’s response of growing toward a factor

nastic

reversible, repeatable plant movements

gravitropism

a plant’s growth response to gravity

phototropism

a plant’s growth response to light

short-day plants

plants that bloom when NIGHTS are long

long-day plants

plants that bloom when DAYS are long

elongation

a plant’s response to auxin

photoperiodism

a plant’s response to the length of time it is exposed to light

day-neutral plants

plants that bloom whenever moisture and temperature are acceptable

root hairs

The tiny EXTENSIONS in the epidermis cells of the root that help them to ABSORB WATER.

transpiration

occurs when water vapor passes OUT of the leaf THROUGH the stomata.

lenticles

Tiny openings in the bark (stems) that exchange gases in the woody areas of plants.

carbon dioxide

The gas that enters the leaf from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

Where are stomata found?

In the lower epidermis surface.

auxin

a type of plant hormone

cuticle

outermost layer of plants

chloroplast

produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes.

upper epidermis

On the top of the leaf, this is known as the upper epidermis. This is a single layer of cells found directly below the cuticle.

xylem

transports water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. It’s INSIDE the vein.

vein

providing an efficient transport route to transfer sugar, water, and nutrients throughout the plant.

phloem

The vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution of the organic nutrients. It’s INSIDE the vein.

stoma

Regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pore.

aerobic cellular respiration

A process that converts sugar produced by photosynthesis into usable energy for the plant.

spongy layer (Shown in the picture as the area with the spongy parenchyma)

The layer below the palisade layer in plants. It contains chloroplasts.

What do some plants convert sugar into for energy?

lipids

cork cambium

produces cork cells that protect the outside of a plant’s stem.

hormones

chemical substances that are made by plants and that affect how plant tissues grow.

What plant organ carries on transpiration?

the leaf

day-neutral plants

The bloom regardless of long or short days. They just need the right amount of moisture and temperature.

What plant organ absorbs water?

the roots