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When Alexandria is asked to say what her mother sees when she looks at a model of three mountains, Alexandria confuses what her mother is seeing with what she sees. What is the term for the cognitive limitation that causes Alexandria to confuse her perspective with her mother’s perspective?

Egocentrism

Alexandria also makes comments like, “the doll jumped off the chair,” and “the jungle gym bit my leg.” These statements are an example of what cognitive limitation?

Animism

5 year old Stephen is sitting in front of two short wide glasses of equal size with equal amounts of juice in them. Stephen’s teacher asks him whether they look equal and he says, “yes.” Stephen’s preschool teacher pours the juice from one of the glasses into a taller, skinnier glass and asks whether the two glasses have the same amount, or whether one has more than the other. Stephen says the tall, skinny glass has more juice because the juice looks taller. Stephen has not yet achieved what capacity? b)What cognitive limitation is implied by the last sentence in this scenario?

a. Conservation
b. He cannot compensate. That is, he cannot consider more than one characteristic of an object at a timen

4 year old Carrie can count to 10 all by herself without the help of her mother. However, she has a hard time counting to 15 without some hints from her mother. What is the term for the space between Carrie’s ability to count to 10 by herself and her ability to count to 15 only with the aid of her mother?

Zone of proximal development

3 year old Robert is talking to himself aloud as he is working on building a square structure out of blocks. What would Vygotsky call this activity?

Private speech

An experimenter asks 7 year old Maria what she believes is inside a box with pictures of candy on the outside. Maria answers “candy.” The experimenter then shows Maria that there are actually pencils in the box. The experimenter then asks Maria what she thinks her friend, who did not see that there were pencils in the box, would believe was in the box. Maria responds, “candy.” This is evidence that Maria has developed an understanding of …?

False beliefs

6 year old Elizabeth knows that she is girl, understands that she will always be a girl, and knows that she cannot change this by dressing in pants or cutting her hair short. What has Elizabeth achieved?

Gender constancy

6 year old Elizabeth is also shown two dolls – one male doll and one female doll – by an experimenter. When the experimenter asks her which doll is likely to cook dinner, she points to the female doll. When the experimenter asks her which doll is likely to clean up the house, she points to the female doll. When the experimenter asks her which doll is likely to go to work in the morning, she points to the male doll. This is evidence that Elizabeth has developed an understanding of male and female…?

Gender roles

Melissa’s mother gives her lots of hugs and warm smiles, often tells her how much she cares for her, and is very involved in her preschool class. However, Melissa’s mother also sets a lot of rules regarding the amount of time Melissa spends watching television and only allows her to watch educational programming. Additionally, if Melissa doesn’t follow her mother’s instructions, her mother disciplines her by giving her time-outs and taking away her television watching privileges. What parenting style is Melissa’s mother demonstrating?

Authoritative

Alex’s father rarely tells Alex that he loves him, ignores him when he comes home from work in the evening, allows Alex to watch anything he wants on television and eat anything he wants, and doesn’t provide Alex with any sort of consequences when he doesn’t follow instructions? What kind of parenting style is this?

Uninvolved

3 year old Madeline is sitting by herself on the floor at the day care center. She is playing with a tea set and is oblivious to the activity of the children around her? What type of play would Parten say this is?

Solitary play

4 year old Brian and 4 year old Jacob are sitting at a table in their preschool classroom. They are both building tall structures with blocks, but they are not really talking to or playing with each other? What kind of play would Parten say this is?

Parallel play

Later in the day, Brian and Jacob, who are still side by side working on their own block structures, are now talking to each other occasionally, and will sometimes exchange blocks and then go back to their own structures. What kind of play would Parten say this is?

Associative play

5 year olds Allison and Alicia are playing together in their preschool classroom. Allison declares that they are going to play house, and that she will be the mother, and Alicia will be the baby. Allison then busies herself at the play kitchen pretending to prepare a meal, and Alicia begins to pretend to cry like a baby. Allison then comes over and pats her on the back, just as she had seen her mother do before. What kind of play is this?

. Pretend play

8 year old Anthony understands that when you take a ball of clay and flatten it out, the amount of clay does not actually change. What has Anthony achieved?

Conservation

15-month-old Jonathan’s grandfather has come to visit. This is the first time Jonathan has met his grandfather. Jonathan’s grandfather motions to him to come over and sit on his lap. Jonathan turn and looks at his mother. He sees that she is smiling. Jonathan then smiles, walks willingly over to his grandfather and climbs into his lap. What has Jonathan just engaged in?

Social referencing

Baby Lily is usually smiling, has quickly adopted a regular feeding and sleeping schedule, and does not get upset when her mother has to change childcare providers twice in order to accommodate her work schedule. According to Thomas and Chess, what kind of temperament does Lily have?

Easy

9-month-old Thomas seems to cry at the drop of a hat – when he is the slightest bit hungry, cold, hot, etc. At this age he still has not established regular sleeping schedules and is making it very difficult for his parents to get more than a few hours of sleep at a time. When his parents decide that they need to move to a new house, Thomas also finds it very difficult to get used to his surroundings. What kind of temperament does Thomas have?

Difficult

6-month-old Jacklyn’s mother has not consistently fed her, has failed to provide warmth and comfort, and has not consistently responded to her emotional needs. According to Erikson, what is Jacklyn likely to develop as the result of her mother’s inconsistency and lack of warmth?

Mistrust

16-month-old Lea is playing with some toys in her room while her mother sits on the floor and observes. Lea checks in with her mother from time to time, but plays freely with the toys. A few moments later, Lea’s new babysitter, who she hasn’t met before, comes into the room and her mother leaves. When Lea realizes that her mother has gone, she starts to cry loudly. The babysitter tries to calm Lea down, but is unsuccessful. After a few moments Lea’s mother returns to the room and Lea goes to her mother and lets her mother pick her up and comfort her. Lea quickly stops crying, and after a minute or so, climbs down from her mother’s lap and resumes playing. What attachment pattern is Lea displaying?

Secure

18-month-old Colin is playing with some toys in his room while his father sits on the floor and observes. Colin doesn’t interact with his father much though and seems kind of indifferent to his presence. A few moments later, Colin’s new babysitter, who he hasn’t met before, comes into the room and his father leaves. When Colin realizes that his father has gone, he whimpers a little bit but does not cry loudly. The babysitter easily calms Colin down. After a few moments Colin’s father returns to the room. When Colin’s dad tries to pick him up, he just turns and looks away. What attachment pattern is Colin displaying?

Insecure avoidant

Characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations  

–inborn characteristics derived from biological makeup

–a general style of behavior across contexts

–the core of developing personality

–reactions to both outside situation and internal state (e.g., emotion)

Temperament

the ability to control emotional arousal and direct emotional expression in a socially acceptable way, to maintain organized behavior in the presence of strong emotions

Emotion regulation

any voluntary behavior intended to help others

Prosocial behavior

forceful behavior aimed at getting or keeping an object

•Most common in early childhood

Instrumental aggression

forceful behavior aimed at hurting others

Physical aggression

verbal expression aimed at hurting others’ feelings

Verbal aggression

use of relationship as a means to hurt others or achieve a goal

e.g., “If you don’t give me the toy, I won’t be your friends any more.”

“We don’t want to play with you.”

Direct relational aggression

use of social community to hurt others

e.g., spreading rumor, social alienation, social exclusion

Indirect social aggression

•Albert Bandura

•Basic perspectives:

–Learning aspect:

•Behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models – observational training

–Children choose models to imitate

–Behaviors are shaped by feedbacks – reinforcement

–Sense of ones own capability to master challenges and achieve goals – self efficient

Social cognitive theory

Conscientious, obedient, quiet, discontent, withdrawn, may rebel in adolescence

Authoritarian parenting style

Immature, lack of self control

Permissive parenting style

Awareness that one is male or female

Gender identity

behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or for females

Gender roles

socialization process whereby children learn appropriate gender roles

Gender-typing

Age 3: ____________________: A girl realizes that she will grow up to be a woman, and a boy to be a man

Gender constancy

–Age 4+:

•                                      : awareness that one will always be male or female

•Awareness of gender roles

•Gender-typed behavior

Gender Constancy

•Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

•The theory was based on Freud’s clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness

•Basic perspectives:

–People are born with biological drives that must be redirected

–Development of personality proceeds through distinct stages

Focus on psychosexual development

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages; •(3 – 6 years): A child becomes attached to parent of the other sex & later identifies with same-sex parent.

Phallic

Child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

Self-regulation

Inhibitory control: Conscious, effortful holding back of impulses

Compliance

Temporary support to help a child master a task

Scaffolding