AP BIO || Unit 2 (Eukaryotic cells)

Eukaryotic Cells

Membrane bound organelles

Cellular Membrane

Nuclear membrane/Nuclear envelope

Houses DNA in eukaryotic cells. (double bilayer of phospholipids. With a perinuclear space in-between)

Nucleus

Transcription occurs (DNA to messenger-RNA/mRNA)

endoplasmic reticulum

layered membranes with a large surface area and attached to nuclear membrane.

Rough ER

Has attached ribosomes. Starts to produce and then package proteins used outside the cell or embedded into the cellular membrane.

Smooth ER

Ribosomes

Protein synthesizers some are attached to rough ER some float (free _____). mRNA is transferred from nucleus through a nuclear pore onto a free _____ and translated into a protein used inside the cell.

Golgi body

Packaging molecules/proteins so they can be used outside of the cells

Mitochondria

Have their own DNA and produce ATP (powerhouse of the cell). some believe they could have been independent cells. Inner membrane has folds (1=crista, 2=cristae) to increase surface area. Has a matrix (inside inner membrane) Krebs cycle occurs here and electron transport chain. Breaks down fuel molecules and captures energy in cellular respiration.

Chloroplast

Responsible for capturing light energy to make sugars photosynthesis. plants and algae have these. (thylakoids, stroma)

Vacuole

contains water and enzymes. viewed as a storage compartment. Also contains enzymes that can help digest/break things down.

Lysosome

contain enzymes useful for “lysing” (breaking down) waste products as the cell lives or even foreign substances that might be useless to the cell.

Endomembrane System

group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. includes a variety of organelles, such as the nuclear envelope and lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus